F2 Organ systems

Question 1

describe how oxygen is transported in the gas exchange system

Answer 1

• from lungs to tissues
• carried by haemoglobin in red blood cells

Question 2

describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the gas exchange system

Answer 2

• from tissues to lungs as bicarbonate dissolved in the blood

Question 3

where do nutrients / waste products need transportation between by the circulatory system?

Answer 3

• between tissues and sites of absorption, synthesis or excretion

Question 4

give an example of a site of absorption of nutrients in the circulatory system

Answer 4

GI tract

Question 5

give an example of a site of synthesis of waste products in the circulatory system

Answer 5

liver

Question 6

give an example of a site of excretion of waste products in the circulatory system

Answer 6

kidney

Question 7

how can cells communicate at long range?

Answer 7

via hormones

Question 8

give 3 examples of defence mechanisms

Answer 8

• white blood cells
• antibodies
• clotting machinery

Question 9

state the body parts involved the systemic circulation in order

Answer 9

left ventricle
aorta
body tissues
vena cava
right atrium

Question 10

describe what happens in the systemic circulation system

Answer 10

oxygenated blood goes to the tissues where it is deoxygenated then it is taken back to the heart

Question 11

state the body parts involved the pulmonary circulation in order

Answer 11

right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium

Question 12

describe what happens in the pulmonary circulation system

Answer 12

deoxygenated blood is taken to the lungs where it is oxygenated then it is taken back to the heart

Question 13

simply describe the structure of cardiac muscle

Answer 13

• type of striated muscle
• made of contractile cells (myocytes)

Question 14

how are the structures of cardiac and skeletal muscle similar?

Answer 14

• cardiac is striated and made of contractile cells (myocytes)
• skeletal is striated and made of contractile cells (not called myocytes)

Question 15

how is the heart muscle supported, give an example

Answer 15

• supported by network of coronary blood vessels
• eg. left coronary artery

Question 16

what feature of the network of capillaries in the body allows for efficient exchange?

Answer 16

large surface area

Question 17

what does the network of capillaries have a large surface area between?

Answer 17

• blood plasma
• tissue interstitial fluid

Question 18

why do the capillaries need a large surface area?

Answer 18

• for nutrient / gas exchange

Question 19

what is the function of the lymphatic duct system?

Answer 19

• drains excess interstitial fluid to circulation
• has role in immune defence (lymph nodes contain white blood cells)

Question 20

how can the lymphatic system have a role in the immune system?

Answer 20

the lymph nodes contain white blood cells

Question 21

what does the spleen do?

Answer 21

acts as red blood cell store and large lymph node

Question 22

describe the cross-section of an arteriole

Answer 22

• particularly muscular
• endothelial cells line the inner vessel wall

Question 23

describe the function of the circular smooth muscle in the arteriole walls

Answer 23

• contraction decreases vessel diameter which regulates blood flow to different tissues (eg. changes in posture / exercise)
• contraction changes the size of the lumen which is used to control blood flow and blood pressure

Question 24

state the order of body parts in the airways

Answer 24

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 25

how is the airway diameter controlled?

Answer 25

- controlled by circular smooth muscle (especially of the bronchioles)

Question 26

what drug can the smooth muscle in the airways be targeted by?

Answer 26

salbutamol (a common asthma drug)

Question 27

where are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged?

Answer 27

- between air in the alveolar ducts / sacs and the network of surrounding capillaries

Question 28

what is the function of the GI tract?

Answer 28

digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 29

what is the site of absorption of orally administered drugs?

Answer 29

GI tract

Question 30

what is the function of the salivary glands?

Answer 30

- fluid secretion - lubricates food as we chew

Question 31

what is contained in the fluid secretion of salivary glands and what is its function?

Answer 31

- amylase - starts partial digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth

Question 32

describe the stomach in the GI tract and its function in the digestive system

Answer 32

- contains pepsin (protein enzyme) - highly acidic - mechanical dispersion

Question 33

describe the duodenum in the GI tract and its function in the digestive system

Answer 33

- main site of digestion - lipid emulsification via bile (from the liver) - trypsin, amylase, lipase etc. (mainly from the pancreas)

Question 34

describe the jejunum / ileum (small intestine) in the GI tract and their function in the digestive system

Answer 34

- absorption of digested nutrients - main site of absorption

Question 35

describe the function of the colon in the digestive system

Answer 35

- fluid / water reabsorption

Question 36

what are villi and what are they lined with?

Answer 36

- invaginations on the surface of the GI tract - villi are lined with epithelial cells

Question 37

what are the roles of intestinal epithelial cells?

Answer 37

- lining / diffusion barrier - fluid / ion transport - transport processes for nutrients

Question 38

what do intestinal epithelial cells have and what is the purpose of these?

Answer 38

- microvilli - further increase surface area for diffusion and absorption

Question 39

in the GI tract, what is the purpose of the circular smooth muscle layers?

Answer 39

- provide muscular support and control - coordinates peristalsis

Question 40

what is peristalsis?

Answer 40

- movement of gut contents along the GI tract

Question 41

how are enzymes in the pancreas transported to the intestine?

Answer 41

- the pancreas has a duct leading to the duodenum - enzymes produced in the pancreas are secreted down this duct

Question 42

describe exocrine glands - what are they formed by? - what do they do? - example

Answer 42

- formed by acini cells (enzyme secretory cells) - release contents to a body surface eg. gut lumen - eg. pancreatic enzymes

Question 43

describe endocrine glands - what do they do? - example

Answer 43

- release contents to the blood circulation (especially hormones) - eg. pancreatic islets produce insulin / glucagon

Question 44

give some examples of essential functions the hepatic system performs

Answer 44

- glucose storage (as glycogen) - processing of red blood cells - bile production - metabolism of drugs / toxins

Question 45

give an example of a function that the renal system carries out

Answer 45

- fluid, salt and waste product excretion

Question 46

pharmacologically, what do the hepatic and renal systems work together to control?

Answer 46

drug concentrations in the blood

Question 47

what are glial cells? give an example of one of their functions in the CNS

Answer 47

- perform several supporting roles for neurons - eg. production of an insulating myelin sheath

Question 48

what does a myelin sheath allow for?

Answer 48

allows for saltatory conduction and faster transmission of electrical impulses

Question 49

function of a synapse in the CNS

Answer 49

release of neurotransmitter to stimulate next neuron / target cell

Question 50

function of axon in the CNS

Answer 50

propagates electrical action potential

Question 51

function of dendrite in the CNS

Answer 51

receives input from other neurons

Question 52

function of cell body / soma of a neuron

Answer 52

storage of the nucleus and mitochondria