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FA - Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • Intrinsic or extrinsically activated ATP-dependent process
  • Results in activation of cytosolic caspases that mediate cellular breakdown
  • No significant inflammation
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2
Q

Histologic features of apoptosis

A

Cell shrinkage, pyknosis, basophilia, membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies

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3
Q

Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Change in proportions of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased mitochondrial permeability and cytochrome c release

Occurs when GF is withdrawn from a proliferating cell population or exposure to injurious stimuli

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4
Q

Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A
  1. ) Ligand receptor interactions (Fas ligand binding to Fas)
  2. ) Immune cell (cytotoxic T-cell release of perforin and granzyme B)
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5
Q

Necrosis

A

Enzymatic degradation and protein denaturation of a cell resulting from exogenous injury. Inflammation occurs (cf. apoptosis)

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6
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Heart, liver, kidney

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7
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Brain, bacterial abscess, pleural effusion

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8
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

TB, systemic fungi

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9
Q

Fatty necrosis

A

Peripancreatic fat (saponification via lipase)

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10
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Blood vessels

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11
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Dry (ischemic coagulative) or wet (with bacterial); common in limbs and in GI tract

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12
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Decreased ATP synthesis
Cellular swelling (no ATP –>impaired Na+/K+ pump)
Nuclear chromatin clumping
Decreased glycogen
Fatty change
Ribosomal detachment (decreased protein synthesis)

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13
Q

Irreversible cell injury

A 
Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis
Ca++ influx -->caspase activation
Plasma membrane damage
Lysosomal rupture
Mitochondrial permeability
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14
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: brain

A

ACA/MCA/PCA watershed areas

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15
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: heart

A

Subendocardium (LV)

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16
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: kidney

A

Straight segment of proximal tubule (medulla)

Thick ascending limb (medulla)

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17
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: liver

A

Area around central vein (zone III)

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18
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: colon

A

Splenic flexure, rectum

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19
Q

Hemorrhagic infarcts

A

Loose tissues with collaterals: liver, lungs, intestine, or following reperfusion

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20
Q

Pale infarcts

A

Solid tissues with single blodod supply: heart, kidney, spleen

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21
Q

Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock

A

Low-output failure
Increased TPR
Low cardiac output
Cold, clammy patient (vasoconstriction)

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22
Q

Septic shock

A

High-output failure
Decreased TPR
Dilated arterioles, high venous return
Hot patient (vasodilation)

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23
Q

Inflammation

A

Rubor, dolor, calor, tumor, and functio laesa

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24
Q

Vascular component of inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury

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25
Cellular component of inflammation
Neurtrophils extravaate from circulation to injured tissue to participate in inflammation through phagocytosis, degranulation, and inflammatory mediator release
26
Acute inflammation
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated -- onset in seconds to minutes and lasts minutes to days
27
Outcomes of acute inflammation
Complete resolution, abscess formation, progression to chronic inflammation
28
Chronic inflammation
Mononuclear cell mediated, characterized by persistent destruction and repair, blood vessel proliferation and fibrosis
29
Outcomes of chronic inflammation
Scarring and amyloidosis
30
Granuloma
Nodular collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells
31
Leukocyte extravasation: Rolling
Vasculature: E-selectin Leukocyte: Sialyl-Lewis^X
32
Leukocyte extravasation: Activation
Slow rolling and chemokine sampling -->conf. change of integrins to increase binding
33
Leukocyte extravasation: Tight binding
Vasculature: ICAM-1 Leukocyte: LFA-1 (LAD)
34
Leukocyte extravasation: Diapedesis (exit from BV)
Vasculature: PECAM-1 Leukocyte: PECAM-1
35
Leukocyte extravasation: Chemotactic signals in migration
Products released in response to bacteria: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein
36
Methods of free radical injury
Membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage
37
Wound healing: inflammatory (immediate)
Platelets, neutrophils (<1 day), macrophages (2-3 days) Clot formation, increased vessel permeability and neutrophil migration into tissue, macrophages clear debris 2 days later
38
Wound healing: proliferative (2-3 days later)
Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages (Deposition of granulation tissue and angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation and dissolution of clot, and wound contraction
39
Wound healing: remodeling (1 week after)
Fibroblasts | Scar formation; type III collagen replaced by type I collagen -->increased tensile strength of tissue
40
Granulomatous disease
``` Mycobacterium Fungal infections (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis) Syphilis Bartonella henselae Sarcoidosis Crohn's disease Wegener's granulomatosis Churg-Strauss syndrome Beryllosis, silicosis ```
41
Features of transudate
Hypocellular and protein poor Specific gravity <1.012 Due to increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased Na+ retention
42
Features of exudate
Cellular and protein rich Specific gravity >1.012 Due to lymphatic obstruction and inflammation
43
ESR
Products of inflammation (e.g. fibrinogen) coat RBCs and cause aggregation --> faster rate of fall in test tube
44
Conditions with elevated ESR
Infections, inflammation (TA, PMR), cancer, pregnancy, SLE
45
Conditions with decreased ESR
Sickle cell, polycythemia, CHF
46
Iron poisoning
Cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids Acute -->gastric bleeding Chronic -->metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction
47
Amyloidosis
Abnormal aggregation of proteins or their fragments into beta-pleated sheet structures -->cell damage and apoptosis
48
AL amyloid
Multi-system impact due to Ig light chain; assoc. with plasma cell disorder or multiple myeloma
49
AA amyloid
Multi-system impact, assoc. with chronic diseases (e.g. RA, IBD, SpA)
50
Dialysis related amyloid
Fibrils composed of B2-microglobulin, leads to joint problems. Seen in ESRD and long term dialysis.
51
Heritable amyloid
Heterogenous group of disorders (e.g. TTR gene mutation)
52
Age-related (senile) systemic amyloid
Due to deposition of normal (wild-type) TTR in myocardium and other sites; slowly progressive
53
Examples of organ-specific amyloid
``` Cardiac atria: ANP Thyroid gland: calcitonin Pancreatic islets: amylin Cerebrum/cerebral BVs: beta-amyloid Pituitary gland: prolactin ```
54
Neoplastic progression: Hyperplasia
Cells have increased in number
55
Neoplastic progression: Dysplasia
Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation
56
Neoplastic progression: Carcinoma in situ
Neoplastic cells have not invaded BM High N/C ratio and clumped chromatin Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness
57
Neoplastic progression: Invasive carcinoma
Cells have invaded BM using collagenases and hydrolases
58
Neoplastic progression: Metastasis
Spread to distant organ | Must survive immune attack
59
Metaplasia
One adult cell type is replaced by another, often secondary to irritation and/or environmental exposure
60
Anaplasia
Loss of tissue architecture and differentiation, pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, increased N/C ratio, mitotic figures, giant tumor cells, resemble primitive cells of same tissue origin
61
Neoplasia
Clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive. Benign or malignant
62
Desmoplasia
Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
63
Tumor grade
Degree of cellular differnation based on histologic appearance
64
Tumor stage
Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, LN spread, mets (TNM)
65
Cachexia
Weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue that occur in chronic disease. Mediated by TNF-a, IFN-y, IL-6
66
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Down syndrome
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
67
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism
Skin cancers (melanoma, BCC, SCC)
68
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, post-surgical gastric remnants
Gastric adenocarcinoma
69
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Tuberous sclerosis
Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma
70
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Actinic keratosis
SCC
71
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Barrett's esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
72
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
73
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Cirrhosis (Hep B, C, alcoholic)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
74
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Ulcerative colitis
Colon adenocarcinoma
75
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Paget's disease of bone
Osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma
76
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Immunodeficiency states
Malignant lymphoma
77
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: AIDS
Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's) and Kaposi's sarcoma
78
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Autoimmune diseases
Lymphoma
79
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Acanthosis nigricans
Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)
80
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Dysplastic nevus
Malignant melanoma
81
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Radiation exposure
Leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer
82
Oncogenes: abl
Assoc. with CML; makes tyrosine kinase
83
Oncogenes: c-myc
Assoc. with Burkitt's lymphoma, makes transcription factor
84
Oncogenes: bcl-2
Assoc. with follicular lymphoma and undifferentiated lymphomas, makes anti-apoptotic factor
85
Oncogenes: HER2/neu2 (c-erbB2)
Assoc. with breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas, makes tyrosine kinase
86
Oncogenes: ras
Assoc with colon carcinomas, makes constitutively active GTPase
87
Oncogenes: L-myc
Assoc. with lung tumor, makes transcription factor
88
Oncogenes: N-myc
Assoc. with neuroblastoma, makes transcription factor
89
Oncogenes: ret
Assoc. with MEN2a, MEN2b, makes transcription factor
90
Oncogenes: c-kit
Assoc. with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), makes cytokine receptor
91
Oncogenes: BRAF
Assoc. with melanoma, makes B-raf
92
Tumor suppressor gene: Rb
Assoc. with retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma; inhibits E2F, blocks G1-->S phase
93
Tumor suppressor gene: p53
Assoc. with most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome; transcription factor for p21, blocks G1-->S phase
94
Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1/2
Assoc. with breast and ovarian cancer, makes DNA repair protein
95
Tumor suppressor gene: p16
Assoc. with melanoma
96
Tumor suppressor gene: APC
Assoc. with colorectal cancer (FAP), maintains low levels of beta-catenin which promotes intracellular adhesion
97
Tumor suppressor gene: WT1
Assoc. with Wilms' Tumor (nephroblastoma)
98
Tumor suppressor gene: NF1
Assoc. with Neurofibromatosis I, makes RAS-GTPase
99
Tumor suppressor gene: NF2
Assoc. with Neurofibromatosis II, makes Merlin protein
100
Tumor suppressor gene: DPC4
Assoc. with pancreatic cancer (Deleted in pancreatic cancer)
101
Tumor suppressor gene: DCC
Assoc. with colon cancer (Deleted in colon cancer)
102
Tumor marker: PSA
Prostate specific antigen; used to follow prostate carcinoma but can be elevated in BPH and prostatitis
103
Tumor marker: CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen; nonspecific but produced in most CRC and pancreatic cancer
104
Tumor marker: AFP
Alpha-fetoprotein; hepatocellular carcinoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
105
Tumor marker: beta-hCG
Hydatiform moles, choriocarcinoma
106
Tumor marker: CA-125
Ovarian cancer
107
Tumor marker: S-100
Melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas
108
Tumor markers: Alkaline phosphatase
Metastases to bone, liver, Paget's disease of bone
109
Tumor markers: bombesin
Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
110
Tumor markers: TRAP
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; Hairy cell leukemia
111
Tumor markers: CA-19-9
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
112
Tumor markers: Calcitonin
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
113
Oncogenic microbes: HTLV-1
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
114
Oncogenic microbes: HBV, HCV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
115
Oncogenic microbes: EBV
Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)
116
Oncogenic microbes: HPV
Cervical carcinoma (HPV 16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma, upper respiratory SCC
117
Oncogenic microbes: HHV-8
Kaposi's sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma
118
Oncogenic microbes: H. pylori
Gastric adenocarcinoma
119
Oncogenic microbes: Schistosoma haematobium
Bladder cancer (squamous cell)
120
Oncogenic microbes: Liver fluke (C. sinensis)
Cholangiocarcinoma
121
Chemical carcinogens: Aflatoxin (aspergillus)
Targets liver -->HCC
122
Chemical carcinogens: Vinyl chloride
Targets liver -->Angiosarcoma
123
Chemical carcinogens: Carbon tetrachloride
Targets liver -->Centrilobular necrosis, fatty change
124
Chemical carcinogens: Nitrosamines (smoked foods)
Targets stomach -->gastric cancer
125
Chemical carcinogens: Cigarrette smoke
Targets larynx (squamous cell), lung (squamous cell, small cell), kidney (RCC), bladder (transitional cell), and pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma)
126
Chemical carcinogens: Asbestos
Targets lung -->mesothelioma
127
Chemical carcinogens: Arsenic
Targets skin (SCC), liver (angiosarcoma)
128
Chemical carcinogens: Naphthalene (dye)
Targets bladder (transitional cell)
129
Chemical carcinogens: Alkylating agents
Targets blood -->leukemia
130
Paraneoplastic syndromes: ACTH or ACTH-like peptide
Cushing's syndrome, assoc. with SCLC
131
Paraneoplastic syndromes: ADH
SIADH, assoc. with SCLC and intracranial neoplasms
132
Paraneoplastic syndromes: PTHrP
Hypercalcemia, assoc. with squamous cell lung cancer, RCC, breast cancer
133
Paraneoplastic syndromes: 1,25-(OH)2 D3
Hypercalcemia, assoc. with Hodgkin's lymphoma, some NHL
134
Paraneoplastic syndromes: Erythropoietin
Polycythemia, assoc. with RCC, hemangioblastoma, HCC, pheo
135
Paraneoplastic syndromes: LEMS
Muscle weakness, assoc. with SCLC
136
Psammoma bodies
Laminated, concentric, calcific spindles seen in Thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma Meningioma Malignant mesothelioma
137
Common site of mets: brain
Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
138
Common site of mets: liver
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
139
Common site of mets: bone
Prostate (blastic), breast (blastic and lytic) > lung (lytic) > thyroid, testes
140
Susceptible areas of ischemia: colon
Splenic flexure, rectum
141
Hemorrhagic infarcts
Loose tissues with collaterals: liver, lungs, intestine, or following reperfusion
142
Pale infarcts
Solid tissues with single blodod supply: heart, kidney, spleen
143
Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock
Low-output failure Increased TPR Low cardiac output Cold, clammy patient (vasoconstriction)
144
Septic shock
High-output failure Decreased TPR Dilated arterioles, high venous return Hot patient (vasodilation)
145
Inflammation
Rubor, dolor, calor, tumor, and functio laesa
146
Vascular component of inflammation
Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury
147
Cellular component of inflammation
Neurtrophils extravaate from circulation to injured tissue to participate in inflammation through phagocytosis, degranulation, and inflammatory mediator release
148
Acute inflammation
Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated -- onset in seconds to minutes and lasts minutes to days
149
Outcomes of acute inflammation
Complete resolution, abscess formation, progression to chronic inflammation
150
Chronic inflammation
Mononuclear cell mediated, characterized by persistent destruction and repair, blood vessel proliferation and fibrosis
151
Outcomes of chronic inflammation
Scarring and amyloidosis
152
Granuloma
Nodular collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells
153
Leukocyte extravasation: Rolling
Vasculature: E-selectin Leukocyte: Sialyl-Lewis^X
154
Leukocyte extravasation: Activation
Slow rolling and chemokine sampling -->conf. change of integrins to increase binding
155
Leukocyte extravasation: Tight binding
Vasculature: ICAM-1 Leukocyte: LFA-1 (LAD)
156
Leukocyte extravasation: Diapedesis (exit from BV)
Vasculature: PECAM-1 Leukocyte: PECAM-1
157
Leukocyte extravasation: Chemotactic signals in migration
Products released in response to bacteria: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein
158
Methods of free radical injury
Membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage
159
Wound healing: inflammatory (immediate)
Platelets, neutrophils (<1 day), macrophages (2-3 days) Clot formation, increased vessel permeability and neutrophil migration into tissue, macrophages clear debris 2 days later
160
Wound healing: proliferative (2-3 days later)
Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages (Deposition of granulation tissue and angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation and dissolution of clot, and wound contraction
161
Wound healing: remodeling (1 week after)
Fibroblasts | Scar formation; type III collagen replaced by type I collagen -->increased tensile strength of tissue
162
Granulomatous disease
``` Mycobacterium Fungal infections (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis) Syphilis Bartonella henselae Sarcoidosis Crohn's disease Wegener's granulomatosis Churg-Strauss syndrome Beryllosis, silicosis ```
163
Features of transudate
Hypocellular and protein poor Specific gravity <1.012 Due to increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased Na+ retention
164
Features of exudate
Cellular and protein rich Specific gravity >1.012 Due to lymphatic obstruction and inflammation
165
ESR
Products of inflammation (e.g. fibrinogen) coat RBCs and cause aggregation --> faster rate of fall in test tube
166
Conditions with elevated ESR
Infections, inflammation (TA, PMR), cancer, pregnancy, SLE
167
Conditions with decreased ESR
Sickle cell, polycythemia, CHF
168
Iron poisoning
Cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids Acute -->gastric bleeding Chronic -->metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction
169
Amyloidosis
Abnormal aggregation of proteins or their fragments into beta-pleated sheet structures -->cell damage and apoptosis
170
AL amyloid
Multi-system impact due to Ig light chain; assoc. with plasma cell disorder or multiple myeloma
171
AA amyloid
Multi-system impact, assoc. with chronic diseases (e.g. RA, IBD, SpA)
172
Dialysis related amyloid
Fibrils composed of B2-microglobulin, leads to joint problems. Seen in ESRD and long term dialysis.
173
Heritable amyloid
Heterogenous group of disorders (e.g. TTR gene mutation)
174
Age-related (senile) systemic amyloid
Due to deposition of normal (wild-type) TTR in myocardium and other sites; slowly progressive
175
Examples of organ-specific amyloid
``` Cardiac atria: ANP Thyroid gland: calcitonin Pancreatic islets: amylin Cerebrum/cerebral BVs: beta-amyloid Pituitary gland: prolactin ```
176
Neoplastic progression: Hyperplasia
Cells have increased in number
177
Neoplastic progression: Dysplasia
Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation
178
Neoplastic progression: Carcinoma in situ
Neoplastic cells have not invaded BM High N/C ratio and clumped chromatin Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness
179
Neoplastic progression: Invasive carcinoma
Cells have invaded BM using collagenases and hydrolases
180
Neoplastic progression: Metastasis
Spread to distant organ | Must survive immune attack
181
Metaplasia
One adult cell type is replaced by another, often secondary to irritation and/or environmental exposure
182
Anaplasia
Loss of tissue architecture and differentiation, pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, increased N/C ratio, mitotic figures, giant tumor cells, resemble primitive cells of same tissue origin
183
Neoplasia
Clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive. Benign or malignant
184
Desmoplasia
Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
185
Tumor grade
Degree of cellular differnation based on histologic appearance
186
Tumor stage
Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, LN spread, mets (TNM)
187
Cachexia
Weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue that occur in chronic disease. Mediated by TNF-a, IFN-y, IL-6
188
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Down syndrome
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
189
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism
Skin cancers (melanoma, BCC, SCC)
190
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, post-surgical gastric remnants
Gastric adenocarcinoma
191
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Tuberous sclerosis
Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma
192
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Actinic keratosis
SCC
193
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Barrett's esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
194
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
195
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Cirrhosis (Hep B, C, alcoholic)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
196
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Ulcerative colitis
Colon adenocarcinoma
197
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Paget's disease of bone
Osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma
198
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Immunodeficiency states
Malignant lymphoma
199
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: AIDS
Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's) and Kaposi's sarcoma
200
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Autoimmune diseases
Lymphoma
201
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Acanthosis nigricans
Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)
202
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Dysplastic nevus
Malignant melanoma
203
Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Radiation exposure
Leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer
204
Oncogenes: abl
Assoc. with CML; makes tyrosine kinase
205
Oncogenes: c-myc
Assoc. with Burkitt's lymphoma, makes transcription factor
206
Oncogenes: bcl-2
Assoc. with follicular lymphoma and undifferentiated lymphomas, makes anti-apoptotic factor
207
Oncogenes: HER2/neu2 (c-erbB2)
Assoc. with breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas, makes tyrosine kinase
208
Oncogenes: ras
Assoc with colon carcinomas, makes constitutively active GTPase
209
Oncogenes: L-myc
Assoc. with lung tumor, makes transcription factor
210
Oncogenes: N-myc
Assoc. with neuroblastoma, makes transcription factor
211
Oncogenes: ret
Assoc. with MEN2a, MEN2b, makes transcription factor
212
Oncogenes: c-kit
Assoc. with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), makes cytokine receptor
213
Oncogenes: BRAF
Assoc. with melanoma, makes B-raf
214
Tumor suppressor gene: Rb
Assoc. with retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma; inhibits E2F, blocks G1-->S phase
215
Tumor suppressor gene: p53
Assoc. with most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome; transcription factor for p21, blocks G1-->S phase
216
Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1/2
Assoc. with breast and ovarian cancer, makes DNA repair protein
217
Tumor suppressor gene: p16
Assoc. with melanoma
218
Tumor suppressor gene: APC
Assoc. with colorectal cancer (FAP), maintains low levels of beta-catenin which promotes intracellular adhesion
219
Tumor suppressor gene: WT1
Assoc. with Wilms' Tumor (nephroblastoma)
220
Tumor suppressor gene: NF1
Assoc. with Neurofibromatosis I, makes RAS-GTPase
221
Tumor suppressor gene: NF2
Assoc. with Neurofibromatosis II, makes Merlin protein
222
Tumor suppressor gene: DPC4
Assoc. with pancreatic cancer (Deleted in pancreatic cancer)
223
Tumor suppressor gene: DCC
Assoc. with colon cancer (Deleted in colon cancer)
224
Tumor marker: PSA
Prostate specific antigen; used to follow prostate carcinoma but can be elevated in BPH and prostatitis
225
Tumor marker: CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen; nonspecific but produced in most CRC and pancreatic cancer
226
Tumor marker: AFP
Alpha-fetoprotein; hepatocellular carcinoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
227
Tumor marker: beta-hCG
Hydatiform moles, choriocarcinoma
228
Tumor marker: CA-125
Ovarian cancer
229
Tumor marker: S-100
Melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas
230
Tumor markers: Alkaline phosphatase
Metastases to bone, liver, Paget's disease of bone
231
Tumor markers: bombesin
Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
232
Tumor markers: TRAP
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; Hairy cell leukemia
233
Tumor markers: CA-19-9
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
234
Tumor markers: Calcitonin
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
235
Oncogenic microbes: HTLV-1
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
236
Oncogenic microbes: HBV, HCV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
237
Oncogenic microbes: EBV
Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)
238
Oncogenic microbes: HPV
Cervical carcinoma (HPV 16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma, upper respiratory SCC
239
Oncogenic microbes: HHV-8
Kaposi's sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma
240
Oncogenic microbes: H. pylori
Gastric adenocarcinoma
241
Oncogenic microbes: Schistosoma haematobium
Bladder cancer (squamous cell)
242
Oncogenic microbes: Liver fluke (C. sinensis)
Cholangiocarcinoma
243
Chemical carcinogens: Aflatoxin (aspergillus)
Targets liver -->HCC
244
Chemical carcinogens: Vinyl chloride
Targets liver -->Angiosarcoma
245
Chemical carcinogens: Carbon tetrachloride
Targets liver -->Centrilobular necrosis, fatty change
246
Chemical carcinogens: Nitrosamines (smoked foods)
Targets stomach -->gastric cancer
247
Chemical carcinogens: Cigarrette smoke
Targets larynx (squamous cell), lung (squamous cell, small cell), kidney (RCC), bladder (transitional cell), and pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma)
248
Chemical carcinogens: Asbestos
Targets lung -->mesothelioma
249
Chemical carcinogens: Arsenic
Targets skin (SCC), liver (angiosarcoma)
250
Chemical carcinogens: Naphthalene (dye)
Targets bladder (transitional cell)
251
Chemical carcinogens: Alkylating agents
Targets blood -->leukemia
252
Paraneoplastic syndromes: ACTH or ACTH-like peptide
Cushing's syndrome, assoc. with SCLC
253
Paraneoplastic syndromes: ADH
SIADH, assoc. with SCLC and intracranial neoplasms
254
Paraneoplastic syndromes: PTHrP
Hypercalcemia, assoc. with squamous cell lung cancer, RCC, breast cancer
255
Paraneoplastic syndromes: 1,25-(OH)2 D3
Hypercalcemia, assoc. with Hodgkin's lymphoma, some NHL
256
Paraneoplastic syndromes: Erythropoietin
Polycythemia, assoc. with RCC, hemangioblastoma, HCC, pheo
257
Paraneoplastic syndromes: LEMS
Muscle weakness, assoc. with SCLC
258
Psammoma bodies
Laminated, concentric, calcific spindles seen in Thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma Meningioma Malignant mesothelioma
259
Common site of mets: brain
Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
260
Common site of mets: liver
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
261
Common site of mets: bone
Prostate (blastic), breast (blastic and lytic) > lung (lytic) > thyroid, testes

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