FA1; CQ1 Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Meanings of Health
A
Health means different things to different people and communities, and changes over time.
2
Q
WHO definition of Health
A
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or illness.
Now not accepted as the global standard of the Definition of Health.
3
Q
Pre WW2 definition
A
Health was the opposite of being ill; if there was no evidence, then you are healthy.
4
Q
Why was there a change in the Global definition of Health?
A
WHO definition gave greater recognition to a more holistic approach by recognising the whole person, not just the physical aspect and absence of disease and illness.
5
Q
Factors influcencing individual’s definition of health
A
- Cultural Beliefs
- Family History
- Societal Influence
- Environmental Factors
6
Q
How Cultural Beliefs affect individual’s perception of health
A
- Beliefs on causes and cures of illnesses and diseases
- How people ask and receive treatment
- How people act towards others considered sick
- How people think and feel about health
- Types of treatments they are willing to accept
7
Q
Examples of Cultural Beliefs affect an individual’s health
A
- Herbal/traditional vs Newer/European
- Mental Health → Seek professional help or talk to family or ignore it
8
Q
How Family History affect individual’s perception of health
A
- Genetics
- Inherited illnesses
- Support systems
- Restrictions
- Relationships
- Social Life
- Understanding
- Family beliefs: Families value different things
- Similar lifestyles
- Different education levels
- Environment
9
Q
How Societal Influence affect individual’s perception of health
A
- Expected body image
- Societal norms
- Media influence
- Partying
- Really into fitness
10
Q
How Environmental Considerations affect individual’s perception of health
A
- War
- Type of country: Developed or undeveloped Country
- Sanitation
11
Q
Dynamic Health
A
Constant fluctuations that occur in our level of health
12
Q
Relative Health
A
How we judge our health compared to other people or points in our life
13
Q
Example of Dynamic Health
A
Someone with breast cancer who has a breast removed in a mastectomy may consider her health poor compared to how it was previously or compared to other without cancer. However, she may consider her health good during her recovery compared to how it was while she was undergoing treatment.
14
Q
Dimensions of Health
A
- Phsyical Health
- Emotional/Mental Health
- Social Health
- Spiritual Health
15
Q
Define Physical Health
A
**Efficient functioning of the body and it’s ability of participate in everyday activities **and the **absence of signs of disease **e.g. asthma, diabeties, epilepsy
16
Q
Characterisitics of Health
A
- Body size and shape
- Level of fitness
- Energy level
- Weight
- Ability to recover from illness
17
Q
Positive Examples of Physical Health
A
- Doing a minimum of 30 minutes of physical activity each day
- Eating a balanced diet
18
Q
Negative examples of Physical Health
A
- Not getting the recommended amount of sleep for your age group (8 hours for teens)
- Not eating a balanced diet
19
Q
Define Emotional/Mental Health
A
Ability to adapt, change and cope with adversity, and ability to express emotions appropriately depending on the circumstances
20
Q
Characterisitics of Emotional/Mental Health
A
- Thinking and Communication skills
- Ability to learn and relate to others
- Resilience
- Develop good self-esteem
- Resolve conflict
21
Q
Positive Examples of Emotional/Mental Health
A
- Positive self-esteem and image
- Able to Adapt
22
Q
Negative Examples of Emotional/Mental Health
A
- Low self-esteem and image
- Unable to manage stress levels
23
Q
Define Social Health
A
Able to form and maintain satisfying relationships and relate to different people in a way that is accepted by our community
24
Q
Characterisitics of Social Health
A
- Follow accepted standards of behaviour
- Interacting positively in group situations
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Positive Examples of Social Health
* High communication skills
* Able to take turns
26
Negative Examples of Social Health
* Isolated or unable to make friends
* Unable to relate to others acceptably by societies standards
27
Definitions of Spiritual Health
It has different meanings for each individual:
* Could mean **believing in a higher being** or way of life **prescribed by a particular religion** to help them make decisions
* Could mean being **able to understand yourself **and make decisions based on what you know
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Positive Examples of Spiritual Health
* Has a feeling of purpose and meaning
* Feels connected to themselves, others or a higher being
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Negative Examples of Spiritual Health
* Isn’t able to understand themselves
* Can’t make decisions in a timely manner, or a way that benefit themselves
30
Concept of Good Health
Good health is **relative and dynamic** and is a **balance of all dimensions of health** and **depends on individual circumstances** such as family beliefs, culture, environment, age, gender, education, and societal influences.
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Health Continuum
It is a **scale used to place an individual's health at a specific point**. Each dimension of health can be displayed on a continuum to show their contribution to their overall health.
32
How health changes over time
Heath **changes** from **day to day, year to year**, based on an individual's dimensions of health at a given time. Dimensions of health **fluctuate and change all the time**, and **so does an individual's health**.
33
Example of how Health Changes over time
**There is an increase in weight gain for older Australians, where individuals over the age of 20 gain about 0.5 - 1kg every year**. This affects only physical health, though, so the individual may be considered pretty healthy despite the increase in weight if the other factors are pretty healthy, but may not be healthy if their other factors are not as healthy.
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Individual's circumstances that affect their health
- Life Circumstances
- Geographical Location
- Social Circumstances
- Financial Circumstances
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Examples of Life Circumstances that affect an individuals Health
* Physical surroundings
* Age
* Gender
* Education
* Family history: Genetics
* Culture
* Politics
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Examples of Geographical Location that affect an individuals Health
* Access to clean water
* Sanitation
* Fresh foods
* Medical assistance
* Employment opportunities
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Examples of Social Circumstances that affect an individuals Health
* Having support from friends and family
* Changes to friends or family dynamics
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Examples of Financial Circumstances that affect an individuals Health
* Losing a job
* Socioeconomic status
* Health insurance
39
Define Epidemiology
** Study of patterns** and **causes of health and disease** in **populations** and **apply it to improve health**
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Importance of Epidemiology
* Government can make informed funding decisions
* Evaluate the effectiveness of prevention/early intervention programs
* Gives Health trends and tells if problems actually exist
* Compares population groups especially Piority Population Groups
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What can the Government make informed funding decisions on using epidemiology data?
* Cures
* Treatments
* Prevention
* Policies
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Example of prevention/early intervention program
QUIT - Stop smoking and vaping campaign (Making stop smoking packaging for cigarettes)
- Lung cancer has decreased
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Priority Population Groups
- ATSI
- Low SES (Socio-economic Status)
- Rural and Remote
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Limitations of Epidemiology
* Statistic Limitations
* Not accurate indicator of Quality of life as it doesn’t measure how other factors influence quality of life
* Doesn’t explain why health inequities exist
* Doesn’t account for other health determinants
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Why is Statisic Limitations a Limitation of Epidemiology?
* Reliability
* Numerous sources: Not all reliable
* Imprecise data collection methods
* Varying sample sizes
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Why isn't Epidemiology a good indicator of quality of life?
* Disability
* Impairment
* Distress
* E.g. severe back pain vs sore back is treated the same
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Define Mortality Rate
Number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause
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Top 5 Causes of Death for **Males**
1. Coronary Heart Disease
2. Dementia including Alzheimer's
3. Covid-19
4. Lung Cancer
5. Cerebrovascular Disease
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Top 5 causes of death for **Females**
1. Dementia including Alzheimer’s
2. Coronary Heart Disease
3. Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke)
4. Covid-19
5. Lung Cancer
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Define Infant Mortality
* A death of a child less than 1 year old
* Considered the most important indicator of a nation's health status
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What is the Infant Mortality Trend in Australia?
* Steadily declined in Australia over the last few decades
* ATSI have the highest infant mortality rate of Australians though
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Reasons for Decrease in Infant Mortality in Australia
* **Medicare**: Greater access to health care for different SES
* **Increased Technology**: Ultrasounds, Sonograms
* **Prenatal care**: Blood tests, A physical exam, Conversations about lifestyle
* **Education around drinking and drugs while pregnant**
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Define Morbidity
Rates of illness and disease in a population
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Define Life Expectancy
Average length of time the members of a population can expect to live
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Reasons for improved life expectancy
* Fall in deaths from traffic accidents
* Declining mortality rate of cancers
* Earlier cancer detection
* Better education and health literacy
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Like Expectancy for Aus **Males**
* Non-ATSI males ~**81**
* ATSI males ~**72**
* **~9 years difference**
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Like Expectancy for Aus **Females**
* Non-ATSI females ~**84**
* ATSI females ~**76**
* **~8 years difference**
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Define Incidence
* Number of new cases occurring in a population
* If decreasing usually a good thing:
* Not always, breast cancer cases are increasing but mortality is decreasing → early detection → better health overall
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Example of Incidence
About 162000 new cases of cancer were diagnosed in 2022
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Define Prevalence
Number of cases of disease in a population at a specific point
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Example of Prevalence
* In 2020-21, an estimated 2.9% of Aus Adults had CHD (Coronary Heart Disease), Overall, CHD rate has fallen 80% since 1980
* Shows preventative measures are working
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Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) Trend
* Decreasing for all age groups, but #1 killer for males and #2 for females
* 1 in 15 Aus adults in 2022
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# I
Dementia Trends
* Most deadly Neurological disease for Females >65, 32 for males
* Is increasing due to longer life expectancy
64
Breast cancer Trends
* Diagnoses have increased
* Mortality has declined 2.4% per year
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Skin Cancer Trends
* Lifetime risk of being diagnosed has tripled since 1982
* 1in 5 people
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Lung Cancer Trends
* Females increased in 1982 - 2020 ~1.2% each year
* Males, mortality declined 2.9% in 1982 - 2022
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Life Expectancy Trend
* Continues to Increase
* Increased 40% since start of 20th Century
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Obesity Trend
Increasing for all genders
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Social Justice Principles
- **PEAR**
- **P**articipation
- **E**quity
- **A**ccess
- **R**ights
70
Define Participation (SJP)
Importance of **communities and individuals** being **fully involved** in the **planning and decision** making associated with i**mporving their own health**
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Define Equity (SJP)
the **balanced (though not always equal) distribution of resources**, to e**nsure fair health outcomes for all groups**, including the disadvantaged
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Define Access (SJP)
**removing barriers** to make sure that **all people**, regardless of their circumstances, are provided with **satisfactory health services and information**
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Define Rights (SJP)
the **laws** that **protect human rights** should **protect good health** as the **highest importance**
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Example of Participation (SJP)
**Close the Gap Campaign** → Seeks engagement from individuals in all levels of society, and consulted ATSI in decisions regarding their health
75
Examples of Equity (SJP)
* **National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)** → provides targeted support to some individuals in line with their personal needs
* Government and Universities provide equity scholarships for students with low SES backgrounds
76
Example of Access (SJP)
**Telehealth** → Rural and remote communities so all people can quickly access health information and advice
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Example of Rights (SJP)
Government introduced ‘**Rights of Indigenous People’s Act**’ to enforce equal treatment for all Australians, especially ATSI
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