Face

Question 1

What is the face bound by superiorly, laterally, and inferiorly?

Answer 1

Superior: Frontal region
Lateral: auricular regions
Inferior: Inferior margin of the mandible

Question 2

What are the 5 openings of the face?

Answer 2

2 palpebral fissures (eyes)
2 nares (nostrils)
1 oral fissure

Question 3

What is the term used for the bridge of the nose?

Answer 3

dorsum

Question 4

What flanks each side of the tip of the nose and partially surrounds the nares?

Answer 4

the ala of the nose

Question 5

What separates the nares? (interior and exterior)

Answer 5

the nasal septum (interior)

the nasal columella (exterior)

Question 6

What are the three areas of the lips as defined by their surface tissue?

Answer 6

skin, vermillion zone, mucosa

Question 7

The oral fissure is flanked on each side by the ______________.

Answer 7

angles of the mouth

Question 8

What are the names for the two kinds of folds that can be found around the mouth?

Answer 8

the nasolabial fold

the mentolabial fold

Question 9

When present, where can the nasolabial folds be found?

Answer 9

extending laterally to the nose and curving towards the angles of the mouth.

Question 10

When present, where can the mentolabial folds be found?

Answer 10

it can be found as a horizontal cleft between the lower lip and the chin.

Question 11

What are the different layers of facial fasciae?

Answer 11

the skin covers a layer of fibro-adipose tissue (varies in depth), which covers the Superficial Musculo-Aponeurotic System.

Question 12

What is the fibro-adipose layer of fascia made up of? What does it allow?

Answer 12

It is made up of dense connective tissues. This allows the facial muscles to move and shape the skin of the face.

Question 13

What is the SMAS? What does it encompass?

Answer 13

A layer of fascia that either invests, or covers the muscles of facial expression. It extends from the platysma to the epicranial aponeurosis

Question 14

What fascia can be found above the zygomatic arch, co-planar to the SMAS?

Answer 14

the temporoparietal fascia

Question 15

What does the temporoparietal fascia cover?

Answer 15

the temporal region, superficial to the temporal fascia.

Question 16

What is the temporal fascia?

Answer 16

deep, investing layer of the temporalis m.

Question 17

What fascia is deep to the SMAS?

Answer 17

the parotid-masseteric fascia

Question 18

What does the parotid-masseteric fascia cover?

Answer 18

the parotid gland, masseter m., parotid duct, and branches of both the facial n., and mandibular n. (V3) (typically facial and mandibular n. are found deep to this layer)

Question 19

What are the layers of facial fascia superficial to deep?

Answer 19

Skin>Fibro-adipose tissue>SMAS and muscles of facial expression>(superior zygomatic) temporoparietal (inferior zygomatic but superficial of buccal fat) parotid-masseteric fascia>Facial n. brs.>buccopharyngeal fascia (deep to buccal fat) and muscles of mastication

Question 20

the infra-orbital fascial space is found deep to the ___________________.

Answer 20

quadradis labii superioris m. group

Question 21

What muscles are included in the quadradis labii superioris m. group?

Answer 21

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m., levator labii superioris m., and the zygomaticus minor m.

Question 22

What space is continuous with the infra-orbital space (posteriorly)?

Answer 22

the buccal space

Question 23

Infections to the canine or first pre-molar (if left untreated) could spread from the __________ to the _________ and or the __________________.

Answer 23

infraorbital space : buccal space : orbital vasculature and cavernous sinus

Question 24

what artery, vein, and nerve are found in the in the infraorbital space?

Answer 24

angular a., angular v., infraorbital n. (of V2)

Question 25

What space is continuous with the buccal space posteriorly? Posteromedially?

Answer 25

the (sub)masseteric space : Pterygomandibular space

Question 26

What routes might an infection take to get from the areas around the mouth to the retropharyngeal space?

Answer 26

buccal space/(sub)masseter space > ptyerygomandibular space > lateral pharyngeal space > retropharyngeal space OR sublingual space/submandibular space > lateral pharyngeal space > retropharyngeal space

Question 27

What are the two major groups of the muscles of the head?

Answer 27

epicranial and craniofacial

Question 28

What area do the epicranial muscles primarily act upon?

Answer 28

the scalp

Question 29

What are do the craniofacial muscles primarily act upon?

Answer 29

the facial region (typically referred to as the muscles of facial expression)

Question 30

What muscles are included in the epicranial muscles? What are their actions?

Answer 30

the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis m. : Frontal - elevates brow/creases forehead : Occipital - pulls scalp posteriorly

Question 31

What are the three subgroups of the craniofacial muscles?

Answer 31

circumorbital and palpebral mm., buccolabial mm., and nasal muscles

Question 32

What muscles are included in the circumorbital and palpebral muscle group and what are their actions?

Answer 32

the orbicularis oculi m. (shuts palpebral fissure), and the currogator supercilii m. (pulls brows inferomedially)

Question 33

What muscles are included in the buccolabial muscle group?

Answer 33

levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major, buccinator, risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis, orbicularis oris

Question 34

What muscles are included in the nasal muscles group?

Answer 34

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m., transvers part of the nasalis, and the alar part of the nasalis.

Question 35

What are the actions of the levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major, and risorius mm.?

Answer 35

(1) elevates and (weakly) everts upper lip (2) pulls angle of the mouth laterally and superiorly (3) elevates upper lip (shows canine) (4) elevates and laterally draws upper lip (5) draws angle of mouth laterally

Question 36

What are the actions of the buccinator, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis, and orbicularis oris?

Answer 36

(1) draws cheeks toward teeth (2) draws angle of the mouth inferiorly and laterally (3) draws lower lip inferiorly (4) elevates skin of chin and lower lip (5) purses lips

Question 37

What are the actions of the craniofacial nasal muscles?

Answer 37

Transverse nasalis - compresses naris Alar nasalis - dilates naris LLS alaeque nasi - dilates naris/elevates upper lip

Question 38

What muscles of the face are innervated by both the zygomatic and buccal branches of the facial n.?

Answer 38

nasalis (compressor and dilator), LLS alaeque nasi, LLS, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major.

Question 39

What muscles of the face are innervated by the buccal branch (only) of the facial n.?

Answer 39

Levator anguli oris, buccinator, risorius

Question 40

What muscles of the face are innervated by the buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial n.?

Answer 40

orbicularis oris, depressor anguli oris

Question 41

What muscles of the face are innervated by the marginal mandibular (only) branch of the facial n.?

Answer 41

depressor labii inferioris, mentalis

Question 42

What muscles of the face are innervated by the cervical branch of the facial n.?

Answer 42

platysma

Question 43

What are the innervations of the occipital and frontal occipitofrontalis mm.?

Answer 43

occipital: posterior auricular bra. of facial frontal: temporal bra. of facial

Question 44

What nerve innervates the corrugated supercilii?

Answer 44

there temporal branch of the facial n.

Question 45

what nerve innervates the orbiculares oculi m.?

Answer 45

the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial n.

Question 46

What artery and nerve typically accompanies the superficial temporal v.?

Answer 46

Superficial temporal a. and auriculotemporal n.

Question 47

What are typically the first three anterior facing branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 47

the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial aa.

Question 48

What triangle does the facial a. typically traverse? What vein accompanies it? what nerves are typically superficial to it?

Answer 48

submandibular triangle before emerging over the body of the mandible. The facial v. the facial n.

Question 49

What are the main branches of the facial artery?

Answer 49

the inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, and angular a.

Question 50

Where to the labial branches of the facial a. typically branch off?

Answer 50

adjacent to the modiolus

Question 51

What does the inferior and superior labial branches typically run a course through?

Answer 51

in between the orbicularis oris and mucous membrane

Question 52

Where does the lateral nasal branch typically arise?

Answer 52

lateral to the nose

Question 53

What is similar about the inferior labial, superior labial, and lateral nasal branches?

Answer 53

they all anastomose with their counterparts

Question 54

What artery may give rise to the lateral nasal branch?

Answer 54

the Superior labial branch

Question 55

where does the angular a. course toward?

Answer 55

the medial canthus of the eye

Question 56

What veins drain into the angular vein?

Answer 56

the supra-orbital v., supratrochlear v., superior ophthalmic v., and inferior ophthalmic v.

Question 57

What regions of the face does the angular vein drain?

Answer 57

forehead and regions medial to the eye

Question 58

What does the deep facial vein drain?

Answer 58

the pterygoid plexus of veins and the deep face

Question 59

What is an example of how an anastomosis of the facial veins could allow a route to the cavernous sinus?

Answer 59

Infections in the area of the angular vein could drain into the ophthalmic veins to the cavernous sinus, or infections through the deep facial v., through the pterygoid plexus, to the cavernous sinus

Question 60

What are the superior in inferior branches of the facial n. called? What do they traverse through?

Answer 60

the temporofacial division (superior) and the cervicofacial division (inferior). They (along with their branches) traverse the parotid gland.

Question 61

What branches of the facial n. does the temporofacial division give rise to?

Answer 61

the temporal bra., the zygomatic bra., and a portion of the buccal brs.

Question 62

What branches of the facial n. does the cervicofacial division give rise to?

Answer 62

a portion of the buccal brs., the marginal mandibular bra., and the cervical bra.

Question 63

The trigeminal n. is generally responsible for ________________ (efferent), and _________________ (afferent).

Answer 63

innervating muscles of mastication (efferent) and sensation of the skin of the face (afferent)

Question 64

What nerves of the trigeminal divisions afferently serve the face, and which branch do they come from?

Answer 64

supra-orbital n. (V1) infra-orbital n. (V2) mental n. (V3) the cutaneous portion of the auriculotemporal n. (V3)

Question 65

The supraorbital n. is the ___________ continuation of the ____________ n.

Answer 65

terminal : frontal n.

Question 66

Where does the supraorbital n. exit the skull?

Answer 66

the supraorbital notch (foramen)

Question 67

What does the supraorbital n. innervate?

Answer 67

Afferently, the conjunctiva, mucosa of the frontal sinus, and skin of the superior palpebra, forehead, and epicranial scalp

Question 68

The ophthalmic n. gives rise to the ___________ which gives rise to the ___________.

Answer 68

frontal n. : supraorbital n.

Question 69

The maxillary nerve exits the base of the middle cranial fossa through the ___________ and gives rise to the ___________ which exits the skull through the ____________.

Answer 69

foramen rotundum : infra-orbital n. : infra-orbital foramen

Question 70

how (approximately) is the infraorbital foramen aligned with the supraorbital notch/foramen?

Answer 70

approximately in line with or slightly lateral.

Question 71

What is innervated by the infraorbital n.?

Answer 71

Afferently, the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and gingiva, and skin of the: inferior palpebra, the lateral nose, upper lip, and cheek.

Question 72

The mental n., is the ___________ of the ___________; a branch of the mandibular n. (V3).

Answer 72

terminal continuation : inferior alveolar n.

Question 73

What is innervated by the mental n.?

Answer 73

Afferently, the mandibular gingiva, and skin of the: lower lip and chin.

Question 74

What is the auriculotemporal n. a branch of?

Answer 74

the mandibular n. (V3)

Question 75

What does the auriculotemporal n. serve?

Answer 75

afferently serves the skin of the: tragus of the ear, the external auditory meatus, and the area anterosuperior to the ear.

Question 76

What is facial nerve palsy?

Answer 76

Bells Palsy is the ipsilateral paralysis of facial mm. due to a neuropathy of the facial n.

Question 77

Where do many motor neurons of the temporofacial division originate?

Answer 77

bilaterally from the cerebral cortex

Question 78

Where do the motor neurons of the cervicofacial division originate from?

Answer 78

contralaterally from the cerebral cortex

Question 79

What might a cerebrovascular accident (or stroke) be mistaken for, and why?

Answer 79

Palsy of cervicofacial division. Because they both get motor neurons from contralateral cervical cerebral cortex

Question 80

How can you tell the difference between facial nerve palsy, and cerebrovascular accident/stroke?

Answer 80

If you have facial a CVA, you would still be able to wrinkle the muscles of the forehead, whereas bell's palsy you would not be able to.