Face and neck anatomy

Question 1

Where are the attachments of the Temporalis? What is its innervation and the main action of this muscle?

Answer 1

Proximal attachment: Temporal fossa
Distal attachment: Coronoid process of the mandible
innervation: Mandibular nerve (CNV3)
function: elevates the mandible

Question 2

What are the attachments of the stylohyoid? What is the innervation of the sylohyoid and its function?

Answer 2

Proximal attachment: styloid process
Distal attachment: hyoid bone
innervation: Facial nerve
function: elevates and retracts hyoid bone

Question 3

Which nerve innervates the buccinator and what is its function?

Answer 3

Facial nerve innervates the buccinator, which presses the cheek against the molar teeth

Question 4

What are the innervations of the anterior and posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Answer 4

Anterior belly: Nerve to mylohyoid

Posterior belly: Facial nerve

Question 5

Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue. What is their motor innervation?

Answer 5

Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus.

Motor innervation: Hypoglossal nerve. Except for the palatoglossus: innnervated by the vagus nerve.

Question 6

What is the sensory innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the taste innervation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

What is the sensory innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and the taste innervation?

Answer 6

Anterior 2/3 of tongue: Sensation: Lingual branch of mandibular nerve (CNV3) Taste: Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

Posterior 1/3 of tongue: Sensation and taste: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

Question 7

What is the function of the genioglossus?

Answer 7

Depresses and protrudes tongue

Question 8

What is the function of the hyoglossus?

Answer 8

Depresses and retracts tongue

Question 9

The crista galli is connected to which bone structure?

Answer 9

Crista galli is connected to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 10

Which tube connects the back of the pharynx to the ear?

Answer 10

Pharyngotympanic tube

Question 11

What are the 4 hyoid muscles?

Answer 11

Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Mylohyoid and thyrohyoid

Question 12

What are the innervations of the superior and inferior omohyoid muscles?

Answer 12

Omohyoid: Superior belly is only innervated by the superior branch of the ansa cervicalis. The posterior belly is innervated by all 3 branches of the ansa cervicalis (C1 - C3)

Question 13

What are the innervations of the sternohyoid, mylohyoid and thyrohyoid?

Answer 13

Sternohyoid: Ansa cervicalis (C1 - C3)
Mylohyoid: Nerve to mylohyoid
Thyrohyoid: C1 via hypoglossal nerve

Question 14

Name the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

Answer 14

Suprahyoid muscles: Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Stylohyoid, Digastric muscles (anterior belly and posterior belly)

Infrahyoid muscles: Thyrohyoid, Sternothyroid, Sternohyoid (overlap the thyrohyoid and sternothyroid), Omohyoid (Superior belly and inferior belly)

Question 15

What is the innervations of the suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 15

Mylohyoid (Nerve to mylohyoid, a branch of inferior alveolar nerve, from the mandibular nerve CNV3)
Geniohyoid (C1 via hypoglossal nerve)
Stylohyoid (Stylohyoid branch of Facial nerve CNVII)
Digastric: Anterior belly (Nerve to mylohyoid, from mandibular nerve CNV3)
Posterior belly (Digastric branch of Facial nerve CNVII)

Question 16

What are the innervations of the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 16

Sternohyoid (C1 - C3 via a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Omohyoid (C1 - C3 via a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Sternothyroid (C2 and C3 by a branch of ansa cervicalis)
Thyrohyoid (C1 via hypoglossal nerve CNXII)

Question 17

What are the function of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 17

Suprahyoid:
Geniohyoid: Pulls the hyoid anterosuperiorly and shortens the floor of the mouth.
Mylohyoid: Elevates the hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking
Stylohyoid: Elevates and retracts hyoid, thus elongating the floor of the mouth
Digastric: Works with infrahyoid muscles, depresses mandible against resistance, elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking

Infrahyoid:
Sternohyoid: Depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing
Omohyoid: Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid
Sternothyroid: Depresses hyoid and larynx
Thyrohyoid: Depresses hyoid and elevates larynx

Question 18

What is the muscle involved in abducting the vocal folds?

Answer 18

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 19

Name the external and internal layers of the pharynx muscles.

Answer 19

External layer: Superior, Middle and Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Internal layer: Palatopharyngeus, Salpingopharyngeus, Stylopharyngeus

Question 20

What are the innervations of the internal and external muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 20

Internal:
Palatopharyngeus and Salpingopharyngeus: Pharyngeal branch of vagus CNX and pharyngeal plexus
Stylopharyngeus: Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
External:
Superior pharyngeal constrictor: Pharyngeal branch of vagus CNX and pharyngeal plexus
Middle and Inferior pharyngeal constrictor: Pharyngeal branch of CNX and pharyngeal plexus plus branches of external and recurrent laryngeal nerves of vagus

Question 21

Which muscle is the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube?

Answer 21

Salpingopheryngeus

Question 22

Which nerve travels anterior to the anterior scalene muscles and the bronchus? Vagus or phrenic nerve?

Answer 22

Phrenic nerve

Question 23

Which nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus?

Answer 23

Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

Question 24

Name the muscles of the soft palate

Answer 24

Tensor Veli Palatini, Levator Veli Palatini, Palatoglossus, Palatopharyngeus, Musculus uvulae

Question 25

What are the innervations for the muscles of the soft palate?

Answer 25

Tensor Veli Palatini: CNV3 via otic ganglion | the rest: Pharyngeal branch of CNX via pharyngeal plexus

Question 26

What is the function of the Tensor Veli Palatini?

Answer 26

Tenses soft palate and opens the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing and yawning.

Question 27

Describe the nerve supply of the parotid gland

Answer 27

Parotid gland has both the sensory and autonomic innervation. Sensory innervation: From the superior cervical ganglion, via the great auricular nerve. Parasympathetic innervation: Preganglionic via glossopharyngeal nerve and synapse in the otic ganglion, where the postganglionic nerve hitch-hikes on the auriculotemporal nerve

Question 28

Within the parotid gland, which artery arises from the external carotid artery?

Answer 28

ECA gives rise to the posterior auricular artery

Question 29

What are the 2 terminal branches of the ECA?

Answer 29

maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

Question 30

The retromandibular vein is formed from the convergence of which 2 veins?

Answer 30

Maxillary vein and superficial temporal vein.

Question 31

What are the 4 muscles of mastication? | What is their innervation?

Answer 31

Masseter, Temporalis, Lateral and medial pterygoid | All innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve of mandibular nerve CNV3.

Question 32

What is the action of the medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid muscles?

Answer 32

Medial Pterygoid: Elevates and protrudes the mandible, and moves the jaws to the opposite side. Lateral Pterygoid: Depresses and protrudes the mandible and move jaws to the opposite side

Question 33

For lateral movements of the jaw, temporalis moves the jaw to the same or opposite side? How about the pterygoid muscles?

Answer 33

Temporalis moves the jaw to the same side, but the pterygoids cause the jaw to move to the opposite side

Question 34

Where are the attachments of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles?

Answer 34

Medial pterygoid: Attaches to the mandible and the medial side of the lateral pterygoid Lateral pterygoid: Upper head originates from the roof of the infratemporal fossa, the lower head arising from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate. Both attaches to the temporomandibular joint.

Question 35

What is the meaning of deglutination? Describe.

Answer 35

Deglutination is the mechanism of swallowing and there are three phases to it: Oral voluntary phase, Pharyngeal involuntary phase, Oesopharyngeal involuntary phase