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Anatomy > face, cranial cavity and CNS > Flashcards

face, cranial cavity and CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

neurocranium

A
  • cranial vault
    Function: bony covering of the brain & meninges
    Composed of: calvaria (flat bones), cranial base
    Eight bones- frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, 2 temporal, 2 parietal
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2
Q

viserocranium

A
  • facial skeleton
  • made up of facial bones
  • 15 irregular bones: mandible, ethmoid, vomer, 2 maxilla, 2 inferior nasal concha, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, 2 nasal, 2 lacrimal bones
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3
Q

5 layers of Scalp

A 
S- skin
C- connective tissue
A- aponerosis (tendinous sheet)
L- Loose connective tissue
P- Pericranium- (dense layer of connective tissue)
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4
Q

Dura mater

A

tough, thick, external fibrous layer of the cranial meninges

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5
Q

Cerebral falx

A

infolding dura separating right & left cerebral hemispheres

  • shape: sickle shaped
  • location: midline
  • orientation: verticle
  • attachments: anterior- crista galli; posterior- internal occipital protuberance
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6
Q

Cerebellar tentorium

A

separates occipital lobes of cerebrum

  • -function: supports occipital lobes of cerebrum
  • shape: sickle shaped
  • location: superior to cerebellum
  • orientation: horizontal
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7
Q

Cerebellar falx

A

separates cellebellar hemispheres

  • small, midline
  • extends from tentorium cerebella to foramen magnum
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8
Q

sensory nerves going to dura

A
  • all divisions of CN V (trigeminal) & C1-C3
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9
Q

anterior meningeal branches come from

A

internal carotid

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10
Q

middle meningeal arteries come from

A

maxillary artery

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11
Q

posterior meningeal arteries come from

A

vertebral artery & occipital artery

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12
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • thin, intermediate layer;

- cobweb like;

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13
Q

pia mater

A
  • delicate, internal visceral layer

- cannot be dissected from nervous system

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14
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • filled with CSF which acts like a shock absorber

SUBARACHNOID space BTWN pia & arachnoid mater

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15
Q

cerebrum

A
  • right and left hemispheres are divided by the cerebral falx
  • four lobes per hemisphere: frontal, parietal, temporal & occipital
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16
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • from frontal pole to central sulcus
  • lies mostly within anterior cranial fossa
  • inferior part has olfactory nerve attached at olfactory plate
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17
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • central, lateral parietooccipital sulci delimit it
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18
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • from temporal pole
  • lies mostly in middle cranial fascia
  • separated from other lobes by lateral sulcus
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19
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • from occipital lobe to parietooccipital sulcus medially

- lies on tentorium cerebelli

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20
Q

diencephalon

A

composed of epithalamus, thalamus & hypothalamus

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21
Q

cerebellum

A
  • below tentorium cerebella
  • located in posterior cranial fossa
  • has 2 lateral cerebellar hemisphere
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22
Q

Brainstem

A

broken up into 3 parts: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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23
Q

midbrain

A
  • part of brainstem
  • lies at junction of posterior & middle cranial fossa
  • deep central depression is interpeduncular fossa
  • CN III & IV ( occulomotor & trochlear)
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24
Q

pons

A
  • part of brainstem
  • has transverse fibers
  • lies in anterior part of posterior cranial fascia
  • CN V (trigeminal)
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25
medulla oblongata
- part of brainstem - starts at foramen magnum - externally similar to spinal cord - internally has major reorganization of grey and white matter - rests on the basilar part of occipital bone - CN IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (cranial accessory) & XII (hypoglossal)
26
nerves coming off of the pons-medulla junction
- CN VI, VII, VIII (abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear)
27
Ventricular system of the brain
allows for us to bring CSF from choroid plexus (where it is made) down to the central canal of the spinal cord so it can be circulated around
28
choroid plexus
where CSF is made
29
Two lateral ventricles of the ventricular system of brain
- located in cerebral hemisphere - extends into temporal and occipital lobes - 2 interventricular foramina (of Monroe) connect them to the third ventricle
30
pathway of cerebral spinal fluid to spinal cord (VENTRICULAR SYSTEM OF BRAIN)
choroid plexus --> two lateral ventricles --> foramen of monroe (IV foramina) --> 3rd ventricle (located within the diancephalon) --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4th ventricle --> 3 pathways (2 foramina of luschka [laterally] & foramen of magendie [central] --> Openings to the subarachnoid space (spinal cord)
31
foramen of monroe
connect the 2 lateral ventricles to the third ventricle (within the ventricular system of the brain)
32
third ventricle (of the ventricular system of brain)
- in diencephalons - narrow, slitlike - connected to the fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
33
cerebral aquaduct
- connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle - passes through midbrain - long, small diameter of central passage
34
fourth ventricle (of the ventricular system of brain)
- diamond shaped floor - below cerebellum - leads into central cavity of medulla - roof is thin, has 3 openings into subarachnoid space (1 foramen magendie [central] & 2 foramina of Luschka [lateral])
35
Foramen of Magendie
One of three openings into the subarachnoid space (of spinal cord) from the fourth ventricle of the ventricular system of brain --> runs centrally
36
Foramen of Luschka
Two of the three openings into the subarachnoid space (of spinal cord) from the fourth ventricle of the ventricular system of the brain --> runs laterally
37
Cerebrospinal fluid
- total volume: about 130 mL - circulates in subarachnoid space of brain & spinal cord - enters subarachnoid space from fourth ventricle - replaced every 24 hrs returns to the venous system through arachnoid granulations - supplies the spinal cord with nutrients
38
arachnoid granulations
returns the CSF to the venous system
39
Internal Carotid Arteries
- provides majority of arterial supply to brain - terminal branches of common carotid arteries at disk of C3 - C4 - enter cranial cavity through carotid canals splits into: middle cerebral artery & an anterior cerebral artery
40
anterior cerebral artery
- smaller terminal branch - travels anteriorly - anterior communicating artery - connects the two anterior cerebral arteries -- allows for them to communicate with each other
41
middle cerebral artery
- larger terminal branch - runs deep in lateral sulcus - gives branches to deep structures and cortex of cerebral hemispheres - most common type of infarct occurs here (MCA stroke)
42
anterior communicating artery
connects the 2 anterior cerebral arteries which run lateral to each other
43
Vertebral arteries
- provides atrial supply to posterior aspect of brain--- cerebellum, occipital lobes, etc. - branches of subclavian arteries - pass through the foramen magnum - there are 2 vertebral arteries -- give off 3 branches before coming together
44
posterior spinal artery & anterior spinal artery
- branch off of vertebral artery | - runs the length of the cord and provides atrial supply to the cord itself
45
Basilar artery
- forms when the 2 vertebral arteries join - occurs at the caudal border of the pons - provides atrial supply to cerebellum & pons
46
Branches of the vertebral artery
- give off branches: posterior spinal artery, anterior spinal artery (these both run the length of the cord & provide arterial supply to the cord itself) & posterior inferior cerebellar artery (provides atrial supply to cerebellum)
47
Branches of basilar artery
- pontine branches (provide all of the atrial supply to the pons) - anterior inferior cerebellar artery - superior cerebellar artery - posterior cerebral artery (2)
48
posterior cerebral artery
branches of basilar artery - supplies lower surface, temporal lobe & occipital lobe - where the basillar branches will terminate - Posterior communicating arteries (2) come off of it to the internal carotid artery
49
Circle of Willis
- anastomosis between 2 vertebral & 2 internal carotid arteries at the base of the brain - location: at base of diencephalons and midbrain - encircles optic chiasm
50
Parts of the Circle of Willis
- posterior cerebral artery - posterior communicating artery - internal carotid artery - anterior cerebral artery - anterior communicating artery
51
muscles of facial expression
- attach to skin - no deep fascia - thin, flat - named for their actions or attachments - all have same embryonic origin- hyoid arch - all innervated by same nerve - CN VII
52
muscles of fascial expression
- origin: some from bone, some from muscles & fascia - insertion: skin - function: smile, frown, blink, close eyelids, close lips - innervation CN VII (facial nerve)
53
sphincter facial expression muscles
- orbicularis oculi | - orbicularis oris
54
facial muscles associated with mouth
- zygomaticus major & minor - levator labii superioris - levator angularis oris - depressor labii inferioris - depressor anguli oris - risorius - buccinator
55
facial muscle associated with nose
compressor naris
56
facial muscle associated with ear
anterior, superior & posterior auricular
57
facial muscle associated with neck
platysma
58
facial muscles associated with scalp
frontalis & occipitalis
59
occipitofrontalis (occipital part)
origin- superior nuchal line & mastoid process insertion- galea aponeurotica function- draws scalp up & back, raising the eyebrows innervation- Facial nerve CN VII
60
occipitofrontalis (frontal part)
origin- superficial fascia, no bony attachments insertion- galea aponeurotica & skin of eyebrows & root of nose function- draws scalp up & back, raising the eyebrows Innervation- CN VII facial nerve
61
orbicularis oculi (orbital)
origin- frontal bone insertion - near muscles function- rising of lower eyelid Innervation- CN VII facial nerve
62
orbicularis oculi (palpebral)
origin- medial palperal ligament insertion- lateral palpebral raphe function- closes eyelid in blinking & sleep innervation- CN VII facial nerve
63
orbicularis oculi (lacrimal)
origin- lacrimal fascia & bone insertion- superior & inferior tarsi of eyelids function- draws eyelids and lacrimal canals medially to receive tears innervation- CN VII facial nerve
64
orbicularis oris
origin- no facial attachments: composite muscle with contributions from other mouth muscles insertion- modiolus & labial connective tissue function- closes lips; protrudes lips; holds lips tight against teeth; shapes lips for sound & speech innervation- CN VII facial nerve
65
Buccinator
origin- maxilla & mandible; pterygomandibular raphe insertion- modiolus, submucosa of cheeks and lips function- compresses cheek against teeth; expels air when cheeks are distended; acts in mastication to control passage of food innervation- CN VII facial nerve
66
Platysma
origin- subcutaneous tissue of infraclavicular & supraclavicular regions insertion- base of mandible, skin of cheek and lower lip function- depresses mandible; teases skin of inferior face & neck innervation- CN VII facial nerve
67
Course of facial nerve
1) arises from brain 2) leaves posterior cranial fossa through auditory meatus 3) travels in temporal lobe 4) leaves skull through stylomastoid foramen (here it gives a few small branches) 5) enters parotid gland 6) in gland it divides, forms a plexus & splits off into 5 sets of motor branches
68
temporal branch of facial nerve goes to:
to frontalis, orbicularis oculi, superior & anterior auricular
69
zygomatic branch of facial nerve goes to:
to orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major & minor
70
buccal branch of facial nerve goes to
to buccinator, legators of upper lip, orbicularis oris
71
marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve goes to
to orbicularis oris & depressors
72
cervical branch of facial nerve goes to
to platysma
73
Cutaneous innervation of the face
trigeminal nerve (V) V1- opthalmic nerve V2- maxillary nerve V3- mandibular nerve
74
opthalmic nerve
- V1 (from trigeminal nerve) - provides cutaneous innervation of superior face - goes through superior orbital fissure - divisions: external nasal, infratrochlear, supratrochlear (supplies forehead medially), supraorbital, lacrimal
75
Maxillary nerve
- V2 from trigeminal nerve - goes through foramen rotundum - provides cutaneous innervation to middle of face DIVISIONS: - infraorbital (through infraorbital foramen) - zygomaticofacial (through zygomaticofacial foramen on lateral zygomatic bone) - zygomaticotemporal (through zygomaticotemporal foramen on medial temporal bone)
76
Mandibular nerve
- V3 mandibular nerve - cutaneous innervation to lower aspect of the face & (also for motor innervation for mastication) DIVISIONS: - auriculotemporal - buccal - mental - through mental foramen
77
Motor innervation to face
- facial nerve (CN VII) -- to the muscles of facial expression - motor of CN V- V3 -- mandibular nerve -- to the muscles of mastication
78
ORIGIN AT EXTERNAL CAROTID for vasculature of face & scalp (name of artery & where distributed to)
- facial artery: dist to- muscles of facial expression & face - occipital artery: distributed to- scalp of back of head - superficial temporal artery: distributed to- facial muscles & skin of frontal and temporal regions
79
Parotid gland
- largest of 3 paired salivary glands - extends from zygomatic arch to inferior border of mandible and deep to mandible - overlies masseter muscle
80
parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland
- glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) | - produces thin, watery saliva
81
sympathetic innervation of parotid gland
- external carotid nerve plexus | - reduces secretion from parotid gland
82
orbit
- pyramidal, bony cavities | - contain & protect eyeballs, their muscles, nerves & vessels, and lacrimal apparatus
83
borders of the orbit
- superior: orbital part of frontal bone - medial: ethmoid bone - lateral: frontal process of zygomatic arch & greater wing of sphenoid - inferior: maxilla & part of zygomatic & palentine bones - apex: at optic canal in lesser wing
84
lacrimal glands
- secrete tears | - innervated by facial nerve
85
lacrimal ducts
convey tears from lacrimal glands to conjuctival sac
86
lacrimal canaliculi
convey lacrimal fluid from lacrimal lake to lacrimal sac
87
nasolacrimal duct
convey lacrimal fluid to nasal cavity | why nose runs when crying
88
parasympathetic stimulation for the production of lacrimal fluid
CN VII (facial nerve)
89
vertical axis of eyeball movement
abduct & adduct
90
transverse axis of eyeball movement
elevation & depression
91
anteroposterior axis
intorsion & extorsion (allows to tilt head to side & still have upright position
92
3 layers of eyeball
1) fibrous layer- outer coat - --- contains- sclera & cornea 2) vascular later/uvea - middle coat - --- contains- choroid, ciliary body, iris 3) inner layer - inner coat - --- contains- retina, macula
93
sclera
- posterior 5/6th of the eyeball (part of the outer coat - fibrous layer) - no cutaneous innervation
94
cornea
- anterior 1/6th of eye - primary refractor of light - part of outer coat/fibrous layer - supplied by opthalmic nerve CN V1
95
choroid
- between sclera & retina, vascular layer of eye | - part of the middle coat (uvea/vascular layer)
96
ciliary body
- part of middle coat of eye (uvea/vascular layer) - connects choroid with circumference of iris - for lens attachment & controls shape of lens
97
iris
- part of middle coat of eye (uvea/vascular layer) - contains the pupil - parasympathetic: sphincter pupillae - sympathetic: dialator pupillae
98
retina
- part of inner layer/inner coat - has rods & cones for vision - there is also a non visual sc
99
macula lutea
- part of retina | - fovea centralis - central vision comes from here (mostly rods*)
100
optic part of retina neural layer
light receptive
101
optic part of retina pigment cell layer
reduces scattering of light in eyeball
102
fundus
internal part of eye | contains optic disk & macula luna (fovea centralis)
103
optic disk
- "blind spot" of the eye -- in the retina but contains no rods or cones - area where the ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve
104
aqueous humor
- provides nutrients for cornea and lens
105
lens
- transparent biconvex structure | - contraction of ciliary muscle
106
vitreous humor
watery fluid, holds retina in place & supports lens
107
levalor palpebrae superioris
ORIGIN- Lesser wing of sphenoid bone & roof of orbital cavity INSERTION- superior tarsus & skin of superior eye lid FUNCTION- raises upper eyelid INNERVATION- oculomotor nerve (CN III)
108
rectus superior
ORIGIN- common tendinous ring INSERTION- sclera posterior to cornea FUNCTION- elevates, adducts & medially rotates eye INNERVATION- oculomotor nerve (CN III)
109
rectus inferior
ORIGIN- common tendinous ring INSERTION- sclera posterior to cornea FUNCTION- depress, adducts & laterally rotates eye INNERVATION- oculomotor nerve (CN III)
110
rectus medialis
ORIGIN- common tendinous ring INSERTION- sclera posterior to cornea FUNCTION- adducts eyeball INNERVATION- oculomotor nerve (CN III)
111
rectus lateralis
ORIGIN- common tendinous ring INSERTION- sclera posterior to cornea FUNCTION- adducts eyeball INNERVATION- abducent nerve (CN VI)
112
obliquus superior oculi
ORIGIN- Body of sphenoid INSERTION- sclera deep to superior rectus FUNCTION- rotates the visual axis downward INNERVATION- trochlear nerve (CN IV)
113
obliquus inferior oculi
ORIGIN- maxilla INSERTION- sclera deep to lateral rectus FUNCTION- rotates visual upward INNERVATION- occulomotor nerve (CN III)
114
vascularature of orbit
- primarily from opthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid artery) - infraorbital artery (branch of external carotid artery)
115
temporal fossa
``` - location of most temporal muscles BOUNDARIES lateral wall: ramus of mandible anterior wall: maxilla medial wall: lateral pterygoid plate roof- greater wing of sphenoid ```
116
infratemporal fossa
- deep & inferior to zygomatic arch, deep to ramus of the mandible & posterior to maxilla
117
temporalis
muscle of mastication ORIGIN- temporal bone & temporal fossa INSERTION- coronoid process & ramus of mandible FUNCTION- elevate mandible to close mouth & retract mandible INNERVATION- trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch- CN V3
118
masseter
muscle of mastication ORIGIN- zygomatic arch & maxillary process of zygomatic bone INSERTION- ramus of mandible FUNCTION- elevates mandible INNERVATION- trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (CN V3)
119
lateral pterygoid
muscle of mastication ORIGIN- greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid INSERTION- mandible and temporomandibular joint FUNCTION- bilateral action: protracts mandible & depresses chin unilateral action: swings jaw to contralateral side INNERVATION- trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch (CN V3)
120
medial pterygoid
muscle of mastication ORIGIN- lateral pterygoid plate, palentine bone & tuberosity of maxilla INSERTION- ramus of mandible FUNCTION- elevates mandible to close jaw, protrudes mandible INNERVATION- trigeminal nerve - mandibular branch CN V3
121
vasculature of temporal region (muscles of mastication)
external carotid artery to maxillary artery THREE DIVISIONS OF BRANCHES with a bunch of different arteries branching from them ---> second branch = motor
122
1st branch of maxillary artery (vascularation of temporal region)
- deep auricular artery: supplies external acoustic meatus - anterior tympanic artery: supplies tympanic membrane - middle meningeal artery: supplies dura mater and calavaria - accessory meningeal artery: supplies cranial mater - inferior alveolar artery: supplies mandible, gums, teeth and floor of mouth
123
2nd branch of maxillary artery (vascularation of temporal region)
MOTOR BRANCHES - deep temporal artery - supplies temporal muscle - pterygoid artery: supply pterygoid muscle - masseteric artery: supply masseter muscle - buccal artery: supply buccinator muscle & cheek mucosa
124
3rd branch of maxillary artery (vascularation of temporal region)
- posterior superior alveolar artery: supply maxillary molar & premolar teeth - infraorbital artery: supplies inferior eyelid, lacrimal sac, infraorbital region of face, side of nose, upper lip - descending palantine artery: supply mucous membrane and gland of palate - artery of pterygoid canal: supply superior pharynx, auditory tube, and tympanic cavity - pharyngeal artery: supply roof of pharynx, sphenoidal spins, interior pharyngotympanic tube - sphenopalantine artery: supply lateral nasal wall, nasal septum, and paranasal sinuses
125
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- modified hinge type of synovial joint - permits movement in 3 planes INVOLVES- -----> head of mandible -----> articular tubercle of temporal bone -----> mandibular fossa
126
Oral vestibule
- communicates with the exterior through the mouth | - size of oral fissure opening is controlled by muscles
127
Oral cavity proper
- space posterior & medial to the upper and lower dental arches - limited anterior and laterally by maxillary and mandibular alveolar arches - roof formed by the palate - posteriorly communicates with the oropharynx
128
upper lip innervated by
CN V2 - trigeminal nerve, maxillary branch
129
lower lip innervated by
CN V3- trigeminal nerve, mandibular branch
130
Hard palate
anterior - separates anterior part of oral cavity from the nasal cavity - formed by palatine processes of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones
131
soft palate
posterior - separates the posterior part of the oral cavity from the nasopharynx - uvula- conical process on posterior soft palate
132
tensor veli palatini
tenses soft palate and opens mouth of pharyngotypanic tube during swallowing and yawning
133
levator veli palatini
elevates soft palate during swallowing and yawning
134
palatoglossus
elevates posterior part of tongue and draws soft palate onto tongue
135
palatopharyngeus
tenses soft palate and pulls walls of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly and medially during swallowing
136
musculus uvulae
shortens uvula and pulls it superiorly (as we swallow)
137
tongue
assists with mastication, taste, deglutination (swallowing), articulation, oral cleansing
138
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
alter the position of tongue (located outside tongue & inserts on tongue) - genioglossus - hyoglossus - styloglossus - palatoglossus (NO HYPOGLOSSAL INNERVATION!)
139
initrinsic muscles of the tongue
- located within the tongue; only alter the shape of the tongue - superior/inferior longitudinal - transvese/vertical lingual
140
genioglossus
EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE ORIGIN- superior pat of mental spine of mandible INSERTION- dorsum of tongue FUNCTION-protraction of tongue and depression of central par of tongue INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
141
hyoglossus
``` EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE ORIGIN- hyoid bone INSERTION- side of tongue FUNCTION- depression & retraction of tongue INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII ```
142
styloglossus
``` EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE ORIGIN- styloid process INSERTION- side of tongue FUNCTION- draws tongue up & backwards INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII ```
143
Superior longitudinal
INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE ORIGIN- shorten tongue INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII
144
inferior longitudinal
INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE ORIGIN- shorten tongue INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII
145
transverse lingual
INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE ORIGIN- narrows & elongates tongue INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII
146
vertical lingual
INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE ORIGIN- flattens & widens tongue INNERVATION- hypoglossal nerve CN XII
147
taste sensations associated with facial nerve
- sweet & salty
148
taste sensations associated with glossopharyngeal nerve
- sour & bitter
149
salivary glands
- parotid - submandibular - sublingual glands
150
saliva
clear, tasteless, odorless, viscid fluid functions: - keeps mucous membrane of mouth moist - lubricates food during mastication - begins digestion of starches - serves as intrinsic mouthwash - assists in prevention of tooth decay and the ability to taste
151
Functons of nose
- olfaction - respiration - filtration of dust - humidification of inspired air - reception and elimination of secretions from the nasal mucosa paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts
152
arterial supply to nose
- via: sphenopalatine, anterior & posterior ethmoidal, greater palatine, superior labial and facial arteries
153
Kiesselbach area
anastamosis of five nose arteries where nose bleeds occur
154
frontal sinus
between outer & inner table of frontal bone
155
ethmoid sinus
in lateral mass of ethmoid bone between nasal cavity & orbit
156
sphenoidal sinus
occupy the body of the sphenoid bone
157
maxillary sinus
occupy the body of the maxillae
158
external & middle ear function together to
transfer sounds ito the internal ear
159
tympanic membrane
separates external ear from middle ear
160
external ear
consists of auricle- collects sound external acoustic meatus - conducts sound to the tympanic membrane
161
middle ear
AKA tympanic cavity - in petrous part of temporal bone - lined with mucous membrane - contains 3 auditory ossicles - --- malleus - ---- incus - ---- stapes - two muscles: tensor tympani, stapedius
162
internal ear
contains the vestibulocochlear organ - concerned with reception of sound and maintenance of balance - bony & membranous labyrinth
163
cochlea
concerned with hearing part of the bony labyrinth of the internal ear
164
semicircular canals
concerned with balance part of bony labyrinth of the internal ear
165
vestibule
- contains utricle & saccule for balance | - part of bony labyrinth of the internal ear
166
membranous labyrinth
- suspended in bony labyrinth

Anatomy (6 decks)

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