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Passmed to go over > Factoids > Flashcards

Factoids Flashcards

1
Q

Patient presents with ongoing AF >48 hrs

A
  1. anticoagulate for 3 wks before DC cardioversion
  2. OR do TOA to exclude left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus - if excluded then can be heparinised and cardioverted immediately
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2
Q

Formula for prescribing maintainance fluids in 24 hrs in kids

A

Holiday-Segar formula

first 10kg - 100ml/kg

second 10kg - 50ml/kg

subsequent kg - 20 ml/kg

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3
Q

Causes of resistant sterile pyuria

A

Partially treated UTI

Urethritis - chlamydia

Renal TB - think of high risk ptx

Renal stones

Appendicitis

Bladder/ renal cell cancer

Adult PKD

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4
Q

Urinalysis findings of ptx on loop diuretics

A

hyaline casts

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5
Q

Brown granular casts on urinalysis indicate

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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6
Q

‘Bland’ urinary sediment on urinalysis indicates:

A

prerenal uraemia

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7
Q

Red cell casts - indicate

A

nephritic syndrome

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8
Q

Common phosphate binder

A

Sevelamer

Non-calcium based - binds to dietary phosphate and prevents its absorption

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9
Q

Cancers that renal transplant patients are suceptible to

A

Squamous/ basal cell carcinoma - avoid sun exposure

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10
Q

causes of cranial DI

A

Idiopathic

Post head surgery/ pituitary surgery

Infiltrative (histiocytosisX, sarcoidosis)

DIDMOAD - Wolfram’s syndrome

Haemochromatosis

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11
Q

Drugs that cause:

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

A

PAN FR

Penicillin
Allopurinol
NSAIDs
Furosemide
Rifampicin
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12
Q

renal artery - string of beads sign

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia (causing renal artery stenosis (10% of cases))

90% of ptx with this are women

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13
Q

Management of hyperkalaemia

A

Stabilising cardiac membrane - IV calcium gluconate

Compartment shift of K - Insulin/dextrose/ Neb salbutamol

Removal from body -1. calcium resonium (oral/ enema)

  1. Loop diuretics
  2. Dialysis ( if resistant)
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14
Q

Most common childhood renal malignancy

A

Wilm’s nephroblastoma

Abdo flank mass - usually just one

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15
Q

Treatment of difficult postural/ orthostatic HTN

A

Fludrocortisone

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16
Q

Assessing loudness of murmurs:

A

Levine scale:

1-6 overall

1-3 - no thrill

4-6 - thrill

6 - no stethoscope

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17
Q

Most important risk factor for aortic dissection

A

HTN

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18
Q

Most common cardiac valve abnormality in ADPKD

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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19
Q

Which cardio drug commonly causes thrombophlebitis

A

Amioderone - therefore give centrally

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20
Q

Monitoring on statins

A

LFT baseline, 3m, 12m

21
Q

Genetics of HOCM

A

autosomal dominant

22
Q

When to replace valve in aortic stenosis

A

when symptomatic

23
Q

Causes of prolonged QT

A

Hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, hypomagneseamia, hypothermia

METHCATS

Acute MI, SAH

24
Q

METHCATS

A

Drug causes of prolonged QT

M - Methadone
E - Erythomycin
T - Terfenadien
H - Haloperidol

C- Chloroquine/citalopram
A - Amiodarone
T - Trycyclics
S - Sotalol

25
Q

Which cancer shows ‘starry sky’ appearance on biopsy

A

Burkitt lymphoma

26
Q

Mutation in polycythaemia vera

A

JAK2 - (1st line investigation)

2nd line – red cell mass

27
Q

Most common causes of thrombophilia:

A

Factor V Leiden mutation (heterozygous)

Prothrombin gene mutation - (heterozygous)

Protein C deficiency

Protein S deficiency

Antithrombin III deficiency - least common - highest risk of VTE

28
Q

What is cryoprecipitate composed of?

A

Factor VIII (8)

Fibrinogen

vWF

Factor XIII (13)

29
Q

Gene changes in burkitt lymphoma

A

c-myc gene translocation

30
Q

anticoag in pregnancy

A

LMWH (SC) preferred over unfractioned

Warfarin is contraindicated

31
Q

Preferred DOAC in patients with renal impairment

A

Apixaban

32
Q

Why are irradiated blood products used

A

To prevent transfusion associated graft-host

T-lymphocytes are removed

33
Q

Most common inherited bleeding disorder:

A

vWD (autosomal dominant)

34
Q

2 most common blood film findings in coeliac disease

A

Target cells + howell-jolly bodies

35
Q

Microcytic anaemia with blood film finding of basophilic stripping of RBCs

A

Sideroblastic anaemia

36
Q

Causes of sideroblastic anaemia

A

Alcohol
anti-TB meds
Lead

37
Q

Anti TB meds + side effects

A

RIPE

R - Rifampicin
I - Isoniazid
P - Pyrazinamide
E - Ethambutol

Rifampicin - hepatitis, flu-like symptoms, orange secretions
- Liver enzyme inducer

Isoniazid - Peripheral neuropathy (B6 related), hepatitis, agranulocytosis
- Liver enzyme inhibitor

Pyrazinamide - gout, arthralgia, myalgia, hepatits

Ethambutol - eyes (optic neuritis)

38
Q

Myelofibrosis

A

Tear-drop poikilocytes on blood film

‘elderly person with anaemia like symptoms + hypermetabolic symptoms’

associated with high urate and high LDH (high cell turnover)

Massive splenomegaly

39
Q

Transfusion thresholds

A

Hb

<80 in ptx with ACS
<70 in patient without ACS

40
Q

Treatment of neutropenic sepsis

A

Tazocin (Piperacillin / Tazobactam)

41
Q

Hematological malignancy caused by H. pylori

A

MALT lymphoma - antrum of stomach

42
Q

Transfusion with the highest risk of bacterial infection

A

Platelet transfusion - because kept at room temp

43
Q

Drugs given to avoid tumour lysis syndrome

A

Allopurinol

44
Q

Pentad of symptoms of TTP

A
  1. fever
  2. Neuro signs
  3. Low platelelts
  4. Haemolytic anaemia
  5. renal failure
45
Q

Polycythemia rubi vera transformations

A

myelofibrosis (5–15%)

Acute leukemia (5-15%

46
Q

Multiple myeloma symptoms

A 
CRABBI
Calcium - high
Renal 
Anaemia
Bleeding
Bones
Infection
47
Q

Reversal of heparin

A

Vitamin K

PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX

48
Q

Causes of acute pancreatitis:

A

GET SMASHED

g- Gallstones

e- Ethanol

t- Trauma

s- Steroids

m- Mumps (other viruses include Coxsackie B)

a- Autoimmune (e.g. polyarteritis nodosa), Ascaris infection

s- Scorpion venom

h- Hypertriglyceridaemia, Hyperchylomicronaemia, Hypercalcaemia, Hypothermia

e- ERCP

d- Drugs (azathioprine, mesalazine*, didanosine, bendroflumethiazide, furosemide, pentamidine, steroids, sodium valproate)

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