factors effecting glaciated landscape

Question 1

climate

Answer 1

Precipitation

• amount if rain or snow
• aeolian processes contribute to glaciated landscapes

Temperature

• how hot/ cold it is = affecting the movement
• temps above 0 = ablation > accumulation -> outputs

Question 2

geology

Answer 2

lithology

• physical and chemical composition of rocks
• harder rock = slower erosion

structure

• Properties of individual rock types: jointing, bedding and faulting
• permeability of rocks

Question 3

geology lithology - clay

Answer 3

• Clay = weak lithology -> bonds between particles, weak

- Little resistance to erosion weathering mass movements

Question 4

geology lithology - basalt

Answer 4

• Basalt (dense interlocking crystals)
• highly resistant
• forms prominent glacial landforms
  EX - arêtes and pyramidal peaks

Question 5

geology lithology - limestone

Answer 5

• limestone (predominantly calcium carbonate)

- soluble in weak acids -> vulnerable to decay via chemical weathering process of carbonation @ low levels

Question 6

geology - structure - chalk

Answer 6

• chalk = pours rocks

- tiny air pores separate the mineral particles

Question 7

geology - structure - carboniferous limestone

Answer 7

• primary permeability (these pores absorb & store water)

- secondary permeability ( permeable but water seeps into it bc of its many joints

Question 8

geology - structure - angle of dip

Answer 8

• affects the valley side profile
• stronger = parallel structure and equal spaces apart
• weaker = curved and unequal
• can be chipped = exposed areas to water = weakened rocks

Question 9

latitude

Answer 9

• How far North from the equator
• High latitude = away from equator, low precipitation levels and low altitudes
  EX - Vostok station in Antarctica, 4.5mm of precipitation
  High latitudes (low altitudes) = beyond Artic -> Antarctic circles @ 66.5 degreed N&S
• dry climates
• little precipitation
• large, stable ice sheets
  EX - Greenland & Antarcti

Question 10

altitude

Answer 10

• How far above sea levels
• Higher = colder
• High altitude = high precipitation levels
  EX - Jasper National park in Canada Rockies = above 600mm
• High altitudes (low latitudes)
  EX - rocky mountains, Himalayas
• variable temperatures
• more summer melting

Question 11

relief

Answer 11

• The gradient
• Larger gradient = more energy = more erosion
• Steeper relief = greater resultant force of gravity (GPE)
• Impact on microclimates and the moment of glacier

Question 12

aspect

Answer 12

• Placement of the sun
• Aspect of slope faces away from general direction go sun
• Less solar energy received = less melting
• North facing slopes are larger because there’s less sunlight
• Mass balance in these areas positive -> glacier advancing = larger glacier, - —- more erosive power
• Mass balance negative = retreating glacier -> smaller glacier etc

Question 13

ice formation

Answer 13

Diagenesis
Formation of glacier
More inputs of precipitation = more pressure = larger glacier = more erosion

Question 14

glacier movement - valley glacier

Answer 14

• large, slow-moving masses of ice
• confined by valley sides
• may be outlet glaciers from ice sheets or corrie glaciers
• 10-30km in length
• BUT - Karakoram Mountains, Pakistan = 60km

Question 15

glacial movement - ice sheet

Answer 15

• largest accumulation of ice - 50,000km2
• 96% of worlds ice
• Antarctic: covered 13.6 million km2, volume 30 million km2 and thickness 4700m+ deep

Question 16

meltwater

Answer 16

• Meltwater underneath glacier increases the movement

- More meltwater = shrinkage of glacier & more pressure

Question 17

erosion

Answer 17

• Erosion takes place on all surfaces of glacier

- Helps movement

Question 18

deposition

Answer 18

• The landforms left behind by glacier

- Erratic, moraine, drumlins etc

Question 19

climate change

Answer 19

• Increase or decrease in temperate

- Colder temp = more powerful and larger glaciers

Question 20

landforms

Answer 20

• Particular feature in a landscape