factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease

Question 1

access to safe water

what is safe water and why do we need it

Answer 1

refers to water that is not contaminated with diseases causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead or mercury that may be a result of agriculture and industry
- we need safe water for consumption, food preparation and cooking, washing and hygiene and agriculture and production

Question 2

Australia access to safe water

Answer 2

australia has a well established and reliable water supply. At times interruptions may occur as a result of natural disasters such as floods and droughts.
- farmers and indigenous communities are most effected

Question 3

safe water impact on health status and burden of disease

Answer 3

increases infant mortality rates from communicable diseases

• lowers life expectancy
• increases U5MR
• contributes to dehydration and malnutrition

Question 4

safe water physical health impact

Answer 4

• increases water borne disease risk
• increases the risk of diseases such as cholera contributing to dehydration and malnutrition.
• Collecting water can take several hours and is dangerous work, increasing the risk of injury and physical exhaustion

Question 5

safe water social health impact

Answer 5

• reduces the amount of time and chances for women and children to participate in their community and school
• public deification may cause social anxiety for women and girls

Question 6

safe water mental health impact

Answer 6

increased levels of stress and anxiety for women who need to provide water for their families

Question 7

safe water emotional health impact

Answer 7

• feelings of hopelessness and unfair (young girls excluded form education)
• people in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress

Question 8

safe water spiritual

Answer 8

having safe water may make people more confident in their day to day life and therefor they can focus on their purpose in life

Question 9

sanitation impact on health status and burden of disease

Answer 9

• increases infant mortality from communicable diseases
• increase risk of spread of diarrhoea, cholera, malaria etc
• lowers life expectancy
• increases U5 mortality

Question 10

sanitation

Answer 10

the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and dances, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal
- overcrowding
- poor drainage from housing
- poorly developed infrastructure and sewerage systems
- safe disposal of waste and garbage
additionally if sanitation is not available, girls will not attend school and therefore won’t get an education

Question 11

poverty

Answer 11

generally defined in terms of income. Poverty refers to deprivation. Lack of income and resources such as food shelter, clean water and healthcare.

Question 12

absolute/extreme poverty

Answer 12

those living on less than a certain amount per day (usually $1.90 US)

Question 13

relative poverty

Answer 13

those living on less than 50% of their countries annual income

Question 14

why is poverty an issue for the country

Answer 14

If a country is poor/in poverty:

• They have a lack of resources to build infrastructure like safe water, sanitation, education and health care,
• The level of GNI affects a governments ability to provide social protections services such as pensions, welfare and disability payments

Question 15

why is poverty an issue for families

Answer 15

Familys in poverty:

• Experience a lack of education opportunities
• Increases violence and discrimination
• Families in poverty as forced to make decisions which may break up the family unit, move to urban slum areas for work or sell children into slavery or prostitution
• lack of access to food, water, education, healthcare. this makes it difficult to break out of the cycle of poverty
• overall standard of living is low

Question 16

why is poverty an issue for the individual

Answer 16

an individual in poverty experiences the most difficult circumstances. Abuse, violence, fear and higher rates of disease

Question 17

poverty on physical health

Answer 17

not being able to afford a stable, varied and nutritious food supply leads to malnutrition, impacting physical health and wellbeing. With the boy unable to function efficiently, your ability to perform daily tasks such as working or attending school is impacted, reducing your chance to earn an income

Question 18

poverty of mental health q

Answer 18

may be impacted due to feelings of inadequacy and not being able to make decisions and think clearly. When ill and stressed, ones ability to think logically and process information is directly impacted.

Question 19

poverty on social health

Answer 19

poverty may cause isolation and exclusion

social stigma and discrimination may be experienced

Question 20

poverty on emotional health

Answer 20

people in communities may feel excluded and feel negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and fear can arise due to violence experienced.
there is an increased level of anxiety for young girls and women

Question 21

poverty on spiritual health

Answer 21

living in poverty means that people do not have the means to meet their basic needs. Not being able to provide for your family impact spiritual health and wellbeing due to feeling as if you are unable to make a difference, or break the poverty cycle. You can loose your sense of hope, spirit and purpose

Question 22

poverty impact on burden of disease

Answer 22

• lowers life expectancy due to reduced access to healthcare, food and debt standard of living
• increases U5 mortality and infant mortality.
• Increase maternal mortality (as there is a lack of access to maternal support services -women and neonates will die)
• increase in burden of disease as there is a double burden, malnutrition and associated illness due to food
• lower rates of immunisation, increasing the rates of communicable diseases

Question 23

what does inequality and discrimination include

Answer 23

gender
race
religion
sexual orientation

Question 24

race

Answer 24

Racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation due to their race, colour, decent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status.
Occurs throughout the world daily, impacting those of low middle and high income countries and is particularly damaging to mental health.

Question 25

religion

Answer 25

- Impacts low middle and high income countries - Often results in the inability to realise their human rights and participate in their community - Can restrict access to public education, health services and employment - people being targeted may experience depression, anxiety, stress, decreased life satisfaction and therefore turn to substance abuse, making them more prone to lifestyle diseases

Question 26

gender

Answer 26

Refers to the physiological characteristics including DNA and sex organs present in an individual at birth When women have the same power and control over their lives as men their health status improves The impacts of discrimination are felt more heavily in low and middle income countries, and girls rights are often not protected leading to early marriage, child labour and exploitation This results in women having few opportunities in relation to education, income and employment.

Question 27

sexual orientation

Answer 27

Those who do not identify as heterosexual are often subjected to discrimination across high, middle and low income countries, however, the affects of these are often felt different across population groups

Question 28

inequality and discrimination on physical health

Answer 28

Increased chance of self harm or attempt of suicide. Physical harm, violence, and assault from others. Lack of sleep from discrimination. Potential decreased access to health care increasing morbidity and mortality

Question 29

inequality and discrimination emotional health

Answer 29

Feeling insecure, helpless and unable to freely express emotions. Not feeling valued, creating negative reactions and unable to feel relaxed in everyday life - hopelessness and fear due to violence being experiences. increased anxiety and fear

Question 30

inequality and discrimination mental health and wellbeing

Answer 30

Psychological distress from experiencing discrimination, possibly restriction of rights. Reduced access to education impacting development of through processes and thinking

Question 31

inequality and discrimination social

Answer 31

isolation, exclusion, bullying social stigma and discrimination may be expires unable to form relationship,s, low levels of societal support

Question 32

inequality and discrimination spiritual

Answer 32

Questioning ones region or beliefs. Feelings of helplessness, low self worth and questionings of purpose. Can cause stronger feelings for their beliefs may also cause the individual to hide their choice from others.

Question 33

global marketting what does it include

Answer 33

tabacco alcohol processed foods

Question 34

inequality and discrimination on health status and burden of disease

Answer 34

increased rate of burden of disease Higher rates of mental health- depression and anxiety Increases infant mortality rates and U5 mortality Lower life expectancy Lower levels of education and healthcare, domestic violence, financial insecurity, intense work labour and exhaustion

Question 35

tabacco

Answer 35

- one of the highest causes of death and illness globally - higher rates of smoking in middle income countries - high income countries have government and non government organisations which helped to increase laws and regulations prohibiting smoking and thereby lead to a reduction in smoking rates. However low income countries do not have policies to regulate the tobacco industry - tabacco increases burden of disease, and increases the rates of premature death from cancers, CV disease, respiratory conditions, anxiety and depression

Question 36

alcohol

Answer 36

- alcohol consumption impacts on prenatal development, traffic accidents, liver diseases and mental health and wellbeing - marketing restrictions and campaigns are in place in high income countries but are not in middle and low income countries - alcohol misuse is on the rise in low to middle income countries - global alcohol consumption is increasing over time

Question 37

processed foods

Answer 37

- leads to an increase incidence of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, CV disease hypertension, type two diabetes and cancers - effects self esteem, anxiety and depression - low to middle income countries experience a double burden - people often neglect tradtional diets and opt for high energy dense food without nutritional value