Factors That Impact Burden of Disease

Question 1

What Are Four Medical Conditions That Smoking Can Cause?

Answer 1

1. Cardiovascular disease
2. Increased risk of infection
3. Respiratory conditions for example asthma
4. Cancer including lung, mouth and stomach cancer
5. Prenatal and infant health outcomes: low birthweight, increased risk of infectious diseases and premature deaths.

Question 2

How Can Smoking Lead To Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 2

Tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate. As well as increasing blood pressure, chemicals in tobacco smoke speed up the process of atherosclerosis, which significantly increases the risk of heart attack and stroke and contributes to higher mortality rates from these conditions.

Question 3

How Can Smoking Lead to Cancer?

Answer 3

Tobacco smoke can cause a fault in body cells as they divide. This can lead to a tumour and, ultimately, cancer

Question 4

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 4

The build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to get through

Question 5

How Can Smoking Lead To Low Birth Weight in Babies?

Answer 5

Tobacco use during pregnancy reduces blood flow to the baby, which in turn reduces the amount of nutrients available for optimal development and growth, increasing the risk of having a baby with low birth weight. Babies born with a low birth weight (under 2.5 kilograms) are more likely to have an underdeveloped immune system, making them more susceptible to infections. They are also more likely to suffer from premature death, which contributes to the infant and under-five mortality rates.

Question 6

How can Smoking lead to Asthma?

Answer 6

Exposure to tobacco smoke in early life (including in the uterus) increases the risk of developing asthma. Asthma causes the muscles in the airways to tighten and the lining of the airway becomes swollen and inflamed, producing sticky mucous. These changes cause the airways to become narrow, making it difficult to breathe. For those who experience asthma, exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk of suffering an asthma attack

Question 6

How Can smoking lead to Infectious Disease?

Answer 6

Exposure to tobacco smoke can lower immune function and increase the risk of contracting infectious diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia

Question 7

What are Four Conditions that Result From Excessive Alcohol Consumption?

Answer 7

1. High Body Mass Index
2. Mental Health Issues
3. Prenatal/ infant health outcomes including premature death and low birthweight
4. Liver disease including cirrhosis

Question 8

How Can Alcohol Lead To a High Body Mass Index?

Answer 8

Alcohol contains kilojoules and therefore energy, which means it can increase the chances of an individual gaining weight. Over a period of time, alcohol use can contribute to a person becoming overweight or obese.

Question 9

How Can Alcohol Lead to Liver Disease?

Answer 9

Alcohol is filtered through the liver. Excessive consumption can cause scarring of the liver tissue, which can lead to the liver not functioning properly and toxins remaining in the body. Over time, this can lead to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver.

Question 10

How Can Alcohol lead to Injuries?

Answer 10

Those under the influence of alcohol are also more likely to act impulsively and take risks such as drink driving and put strains on relationships.

Question 11

What is BMI?

Question 12

What are four medical conditions that a High BMI lead to?

Answer 12

1. Cardiovascular disease
2. Some Cancers
3. Type 2 diabetes
4. Mental Health Issues
5. Asthma

Question 13

How does a High BMI lead to Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 13

High body mass index usually means there is a greater strain on the heart, which increases the risk of hypertension, heart attack and stroke

Question 14

What is Hypertension?

Answer 14

High blood pressure

Question 15

What are Four Conditions that underconsumption of vegetables lead to?

Answer 15

1. High BMIS and associated conditions
2. Neural Tube Defects
3. Cardiovascular disease
4. Various Cancers

Question 16

What is Neural Tube Defects?

Answer 16

Conditions characterised by damage to the brain and spine, and to the nerve tissue of the spinal cord during prenatal development.

Question 17

How can underconsumption of vegetables lead to a high BMI?

Answer 17

Consuming vegetables instead of energy dense foods can assist with weight management and reduce the
risk of high body mass index.

Question 18

What are vegetables high in?

Answer 18

Antioxidants
Nutrient Dense
Dietary Fiber

Question 19

What does nutrient dense mean?

Answer 19

Foods that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals

Question 20

What are antioxidants?

Answer 20

Compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals

Question 21

What are free radicals?

Answer 21

MHHolecules formed when oxygen is metabolised. Free radicals can damage healthy body cells and increase the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Question 22

How can the underconsumption of vegetables lead to CVD and cancer?

Answer 22

The antioxidants in vegetables target free radicals and eliminate them from the body, thereby reducing the burden of disease associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer. Underconsumption of vegetables often means that antioxidant consumption is also low, increasing the risk of these conditions.

Question 23

How can the underconsumption of vegetables lead to neural tube defects?

Answer 23

Nutrients found in vegetables, such as folate, play a significant role in the development of the brain and spinal cord during the prenatal stage of the lifespan. Underconsumption of vegetables before and during pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida

Question 24

What are four conditions that underconsumption of fruit cause?

Answer 24

1. Neural Tube Defects
2. Cancer
3. Cardiovascular disease
4. High BMI

Question 25

How can underconsumption of fiber lead to high body mass index?

Answer 25

Fruits like pears are high in fiber. People who eat adequate amounts of fruit are likely to feel full for longer and are therefore less likely to consume energy dense foods. This assists in protecting against weight gain.

Question 26

What is the role of calcium in the body?

Answer 26

Strengthening bones and teeth

Question 27

What are four conditions caused by underconsumption of dairy?

Answer 27

1. Osteoporosis
2. Cardiovascular disease
3. Colorectal cancer
4. Type 2 diabetes
5. Dental Caries

Question 28

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 28

A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.