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Nurs365 E1 Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases > Facts Acids and Bases > Flashcards

Facts Acids and Bases Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

normal serum pH level is

A

7.35 - 7.45

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2
Q

acids are produced by

A

metabolism of protein, fat, and carbohydrates - acids can release hydrogen ions

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3
Q

acid byproducts are excreted through

A

lungs and kidneys

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4
Q

neutral on the pH scale is

A

7.0

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5
Q

values lower than 7.0 on the pH scale are considered

A

acidic

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6
Q

values higher than 7.0 on the pH scale are considered

A

alkaline/basic

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7
Q

the only volatile acid formed in the body is

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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8
Q

the lungs help maintain acid-base balance by

A

being the respiratory system’s control of CO2 (acid)

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9
Q

the kidneys help maintain acid-base balance by

A

being the renal system’s control of bicarbonate (base) and hydrogen ions (H+) (acid)

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10
Q

the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system operates in

A

the lungs and kidneys

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11
Q

the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system is a major intracellular or extracellular buffer?

A

extracellular

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12
Q

carbonic acid is formed by

A

cellular respiration results in the production of CO2, which combines with water

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13
Q

lungs can increase and decrease pH by

A

excreting CO2 (acid)
reduce carbonic acid by blowing off CO2 and leaving water behind
increase carbonic acid by holding CO2 which combines with water to make more acid

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14
Q

kidneys increase and decrease pH by

A

excreting HCO3 (bicarbonate) (base) in urine

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15
Q

the protein buffering system is an intracellular or extracellular buffer?

A

intracellular

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16
Q

proteins have a _____ charge that allows them to _______ hydrogen ions

A

negative, join with

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17
Q

hemoglobin functions as a buffer by _______ hydrogen ions as the pH increases and _______ hydrogen ions as it decreases

A

losing, gaining

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18
Q

hemoglobin also binds to _______ and brings it to the ______ for release

A

CO2, lungs

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19
Q

the kidneys can rid the body of excess acids by

A

excreting hydrogen ions into the urine

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20
Q

kidneys reabsorb HCO3- (bicarb) back into the blood by combining with

Study These Flashcards
A

phosphate
ammonia

21
Q

respiratory alterations are caused by

Study These Flashcards
A

increase/decrease in PaCO2

22
Q

metabolic alterations are caused by

Study These Flashcards
A

increase/decrease in hydrogen ions (H+) or bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

23
Q

acidosis is seen with

Study These Flashcards
A

increased H+ ; decreased HCO3-
pH BELOW 7.35
respiratory or metabolic causes

24
Q

alkalosis is seen with

Study These Flashcards
A

decreased H+ ; increased HCO3-
pH ABOVE 7.35
respiratory or metabolic causes

25
respiratory acidosis is seen with
elevation of pCO2 ventilation depression
26
respiratory alkalosis is seen with
depression of pCO2 alveolar hyperventilation
27
metabolic acidosis is seen with
depression of HCO3- or increase in noncarbonic acids
28
metabolic alkalosis is seen with
elevation of HCO3- usually caused by excessive loss of metabolic acids
29
lungs compensate for changes in pH by they can compensate fast or slow?
altering rate and depth of ventilation to increase or decrease concentration of carbon dioxide fast (seconds to minutes)
30
kidneys compensate for changes in pH by they can compensate fast or slow?
resorbing bicarbonate ions into the plasma and excreting H+ ions into the urine slow (hours to days)
31
causes of metabolic acidosis
accumulation of acids * ketoacidosis * lactic acids * renal failure loss of bicarbonate * diarrhea
32
metabolic acidosis compensatory mechanisms
bicarbonate buffering H+ ion moves from plasma into a cell lung mechanisms increased ventilation * deep rapid breaths "kussmaul respirations" renal mechanisms * eliminate H+ * retain HCO3-
33
metabolic acidosis clinical findings
LOW pH BELOW 7.35 LOW HCO3- bicarbonate BELOW 22 mEq/L (norm 22-26) PaCO2 BELOW 40 mEq/L (norm 35-45) normal or elevated anion gap
34
treatment for metabolic acidosis
IV Ringer's lactate (contains bicarb/lactate) Na bicarbonate IV
35
causes of metabolic alkalosis
loss of acid * upper GI losses * renal losses * H+ moving into cells accumulation of bicarbonate (base)
36
compensatory mechanisms of metabolic alkalosis
H+ move out of cells decreased ventilation * decreased CO2 blown off * more acid (CO2 - carbonic) retained in plasma renal mechanisms * eliminate HCO3- * retain H+
37
clinical findings of metabolic alkalosis
HIGH pH ABOVE 7.45 HIGH HCO3- bicarbonate ABOVE 26 mEq/L PCO2 ABOVE 40mm Hg chloride decreases
38
treatment for metabolic alkalosis
IV normal saline (NS) with KCL treat underlying cause
39
common symptoms of metabolic alkalosis
weakness muscle cramps hyperactive reflexes tetany confusion convulsions atrial tachycardia
40
symptoms of metabolic acidosis
headache and lethargy which progress to confusion and coma in severe cases
41
causes of respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation * respiratory center depression * respiratory muscle alteratins * CO2 retention * airway obstruction
42
compensatory mechanisms of respiratory acidosis
acute - not done quickly RBC ICF buffering (hemoglobin and phosphates) renal buffering mechanism (works slowly) chronic respiratory acidosis is well compensated
43
clinical presentations of respiratory acidosis
decreased level of consciousness (LOC) cerebral vasodilation LOW pH BELOW 7.35 HIGH PaCO2 ABOVE 45 mmHg * acute case - normal * chronic case - ABOVE 26 mEq/L
44
symptoms respiratory acidosis
headache blurred vision breathlessness restlessness apprehension
45
treatment of respiratory acidosis
restore ventilation mechanical ventilation administer oxygen carefully
46
causes of respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation * pain * anxiety * early stages of pulmonary disease 1. initial response to hypoxia 2. increased respiratory rate 3. later stages, CO2 accumulates, acidosis results
47
compensatory mechanisms of respiratory alkalosis
ICF buffering (hemoglobin) renal decreased H+ excretion and decreased bicarbonate reabsorption
48
clinical presentations of respiratory alkalosis
respiratory rate rapid, deep dyspnea, lightheaded tingling (paresthesia) HIGH pH ABOVE 7.45 LOW PaCO2 BELOW 35 mmHg HCO3- (serum bicarbonate) * acute case - normal * chronic case - BELOW 22 mEq/L
49
treatment of respiratory alkalosis
treat cause paper bag

Nurs365 E1 Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases (4 decks)

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