Facts and figures Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
Leading figures in the Civil War
A
- Nationalists - Chiang Kai-Shek
- Communists - Mao Zedong
2
Q
General state of China in 1949
A
- 80% of the population lived in rural areas and were farmers.
- 1 million bandits (wondering people with no food, control…) began to roam the country.
- Hyper-inflation: people used carts to transfer bank notes.
- 5% of people working in industry.
- Half the railway network destroyed.
3
Q
Number of members in the - CCP, Standing Committee and Politburo
A
- CCP - 49 members
- SC - 4-5 members
- Politburo - 14 members
4
Q
Xinhua
A
Press agency
5
Q
Common Programme
A
Temporary constitution, declaring China was a new society based on the alliance between workers and peasants. It guaranteed freedoms and equality.
6
Q
Development of the Party
A
- 720,000 bureaucrats 1949.
- 8 million bureaucrats in 1959.
- 4.5 million Party members in 1949.
- 5.8 million Part members by the end of 1950.
7
Q
Three-Antis Campaign
A
- 1951
- Targeted: Corruption, waste and obstructionist bureaucracy.
- Triggered by the arrest of Zhang Zishan and Lui Qingsham.
- Bo Yibo in charge.
- End of 1952: 100,000 tigres hunted in East China.
8
Q
Defeating the CCP’s opponents
A
- Labelling
- Self-registration and midnight arrests
- Mass-participation, denouncing C-R, struggle meetings…
- Over 150,000 criminals arrested.
9
Q
Five-Antis Campaign
A
- 1952
- Targeted: Tax evasion, bribery, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts and stealing state economic information.
- Party control over private companies and the economy established.
- Denunciation boxes.
- Victims: 1% shot, 1% sent to Laogai’s, 3% jailed and the rest were fined.
- 30,000 people attended one meeting against local party bosses.
10
Q
Reunification Campaigns
A
- Tibet: 60,000 people attempted to resist, but Chinese troops entered the capital and set up a government. 17 point “Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful liberation of Tibet” was signed by the Lama. In 1952, the population rose from 3 to 10 million with the migration of the Han-Chinese.
- Xinjiang: It has the largest Muslim population, the PLA cleared all resistance by March 1950.
- Guandong - GMD heartland, about 28,000 people were executed during the “suppress the CR” campaign.
- Taiwan - ROC established, the communists couldn’t invade it because of their involvement in the Korean War.
11
Q
The Hundred Flowers campaign
A
- 1956-57
- Mao called for “a hundred flowers to bloom”.
12
Q
Anti-Rightist Campaign
A
- Speech: “poisonous weeds have grown up among the fragrant flowers”.
- Quota: 5% people in each Danwei had to be blamed for being against the CCP.
- 400,000 - 700,000 intellectuals purged and sent to Laogai’s.
13
Q
Laogai
A
- Mid-1950s: labour from Laogai’s produced 350,000 tons of grain into the economy.
- Peak - 10 million in one year.
- 25 - 27 million people died in Laogai’s.
14
Q
Korean War
A
- 400,000 lives lost.
- “Resist America, Aid Korea”.
- 800,000 CR and 135,000 executions during the first half of 1951.
- Mao proved the West to be “Paper Tigers” which stirred national sentiment.
- It cost China $10 billion.
- Anyin (Mao’s sun) killed by an attack on the PLA headquarters.
15
Q
Agrarian reform law
A
- 1950-52
- By 1951, 10 million landlords had lost their land.
- Landlords: “class enemies”.
- About 1 to 2 million landlords executed.
- 88% of households took part and 43% of the land was distributed to 60% of the population.
- Rural production increased by 15% per year.
16
Q
Steps of collectivisation
A
- 1951: Mutual aid teams, 10 houses merged together and by 1952, 40% of peasant households belonged to a MAT.
- 1952: Agricultural Producers’ Co-operatives, 30 to 50 households merged together, by 1955 only 14% of peasants joined and by 1956, 96% joined. Grain production raised by less than 2%.
- 1955: Higher Producers’ Cooperatives, 200 to 300 households merged together. By the end of 1956, 88% of peasant households were in HPC’s.
17
Q
Collectivisation
A
- Production only increased by 3.8% per year.
18
Q
Communes
A
- 1957: Mao merged collectives into larger units.
- 5500 households.
- “walking on two legs”.
- First commune: Sputnik, in Henan.
- End of 1958: 99% of people in communes.
- Lysenkoism: official policy from 1958.
- The four pests campaign, 1958: party activists sent to chase sparrows, rats, flies and mosquitoes.
19
Q
The Great Famine
A
- 1958-62
- 30 to 50 million deaths.
- 25% of the population.
- Mao stepped down from politics, he resigned from being Chairman of the PRC and was replaced by Lui Shaoqi but he continued being Chairman of the Party.
- Tibet: 1 million people died (purposely to kill buddhist).
- A teenage girl ate her 4-year brother, reports on cannibalism.
20
Q
Lushan conference
A
- 1959
- Peng Dehuai challenged Mao’s plan at the conference, questioning the figures of grain production.
- Mao interpreted his criticism as a direct attack on his policies and he was sacked and replaced by Lin Biao.
- The GLF continued to embark on a “second leap”.
21
Q
Successes of 1962 reforms
A
- By 1965 agriculture had recovered with the help of grain exports.
- Private Plots accounted for 1/3 of peasants’ incomes.
- Light industry - 27% growth pur year.
- Heavy industry - 17% growth per year.
- Production of consumer goods doubled the 1957 level.
22
Q
The first FYP
A
- 1952-57
- 1953 - level of grain procurement, 22 million.
- Coal target - increase from 68.5 in 1952 to 113 in 1957. +
- Annual growth rate - 9%
- Heavy industrial output tripled.
- Industrial working class grew from 6 to 10 million.
- Most targets were achieved, but figures were unlikely to be reliable.
- Agricultural output only grew 2.1% per year, not enough food was being imported to the cities.
- Industrial growth rate - 16% per year.
23
Q
The second FYP
A
- 1958-62
- The GLF was launched.
- Backyard furnaces (1957-59): the target was to reach 20 million tons per year by October 1958, nearly 50% of steel production came from backyard furnaces.
- SOEs: targets, output, prices and wages set by the state, reducing incentives and thereby efficiency.
- Three Gate Gorge Damn - rebuilt.
- Methods used for water conservancy projects weren’t effective.
- Coal rose from 131 million tons in 1957 to 200 by 1964.
- Construction of Tainanmen Square in Bejin.
- 1962 - half of the amount of industry produced than in 1958.
- Economic downturn: By 1962, 40% industrial decline and food being left to rot.
24
Q
The third FYP
A
- Control centralised.
- Production targets reviewed annually.
- Experts favoured.
- Workers incentivised.
25
The Cultural Destruction
- 1/3 of 1100 libraries were closed and 7 million books were lost, stolen or destroyed.
- Shandong: One temple attacked by 200 Red Guards and 6500 artefacts were destroyed.
- Qing Era Archway was attacked by Red Guards as they sang "smash the four olds".
- Tibet: Monasteries and shrines attacked and people were forced to cut their hair.
26
Wall poster campaign
- Students from Bejin encouraged to stir revolution by righting the names of "capitalist-roaders" on walls.
- Mass mobilisation.
27
The Cultural Revolution - Terror
- Red Terror 1966: Ding Ling made to stand in "airplane position" for hours.
- The January Storm: 100,000 radical Red Guards defeated 20,000 other Red Guards.
- The PLA arrested 500 Red Guards and workers and killed 1000 protestors - "black hand".
- "Bombard the headquarters".
- 1.8 million arrested for being "spies", "bad elements" or "counter-revolutionaries".
- In 1969, the CR ended with the ninth party congress.
28
The swim in the Yangtze
- Mao swan 9 miles in 65 minutes at the age of 72.
| - Sent a message to Lui and Deng.
29
Mass rallies
- August 18 1966 - first mass rally.
30
Outcomes of the Cultural Revolution
- Lui: died in 1967, refused to given medical treatment.
- Deng: sent to a factory in Jiangxi to work, allowed to return and exiled again to a pig farm in the south.
- Regional level - 70-80% of cadres purged.
- 9/23 Politburo members survived.
- 2/3 of the central committee deposed.
- 3 million people sent to May Seventh Cadre Schools.
31
"Up to the mountains down to the villages campaign"
- 18 million Red Guards sent to the country-side to cool-off.
- Part of the Rustification campaign.
- "Lost generation".
32
The four modernisations
- Advancement in agriculture
- Advancement in defence
- Advancement in industry
- Advancement in science and technology
33
Women's traditional position
- Subjected to the three obediences.
- Arranged marriages, were men's adornments.
- Foot binding - outlawed in 1911 but was still practiced.
- Seen as an economic burden.
- High status of mothers in law.
- Only 1% of women could write by the age of seven and only 2.2% had received schooling.
34
The marriage law
- Arranged marriages and payment of dowries outlawed.
- Divorce available for those in previously arranged marriages.
- Children born out of wedlock had equal rights.
- Women could own property.
- 1946-49: 18.6% brides 16-17.
- 1958-65: 2.4% brides 16-17.
- 1.4 million petitions for divorce in 1953.
35
Impact if the GLF on women
- Children not well treated in kindergartens: in a factory in Bejin, 90% of the children got sick.
- Received less work points.
- Pregnant woman forced to work.
- Commune: 2 cadres forced themselves onto 34 women.
- Factory in Hunan, local factory bosses forced females to work naked.
- Wife-selling for food.
36
Impact of the Cultural Revolution on women
- Women's association - 40,000 staff in 83 cities, membership of 76 million.
37
Changes in education of women
- 1929-49: 38% completed primary education.
| - 1959: 100% completed primary education.
38
Education before reform
- 30% of men and 1% of women over the age of 7 could read.
- 45% of males and 2% of females received schooling.
- 1949: 90% of women were illiterate and 20% literacy rate.
- Higher education - only 11.5% of students studied engineering.
- 90% didn't have access to education.
39
Educational reform
- Primary schools increased from 26 to 64 million.
- Literacy rose to 64% by 1964.
- 42 million peasants attended winter schools between 1951-52.
- 1953: 63% of students in higher education were in engineering, medicine or agriculture.
- 20 new polytechnique and 26 new engineering institutes.
- Pinyin: phonetic mandarine to improve literacy rates.
- "Key point" schools - sons of cadres and party officials favoured.
40
Healthcare before reform
- Until 1956, spending never rose above 2.6% of the state budget.
- Traditional techniques continued (herbalism).
41
Healthcare under Mao
- 800 western type hospitals built.
- Number of trained doctors: 40,000 in 1949 to 150,000 by 1965.
- Life expectancy: 39 in 1949 to 57 in 1957 to 62 by 1970.
- Womans federation.
- Patriotic health movements .
42
The barefoot doctors
- 1 million trainees sent to provide medical help to rural areas.
- Jung Chang sent.
- By 1976, 90% of the villages were involved.
43
Jiang Qing and culture
- Only piano music and oil paintings allowed.
- "Make it revolutionary or ban it".
- Only eight official performances allowed in the Chinese opera.
- Purges personal vendettas.
- Only 124 novels published.
44
Confucianism
- Had dominated for 2,500 years.
- Gang of four - "criticise Confucius campaign".
- Temples and shrines destroyed.
45
Ancestor worship
- "Old fashioned" thoughts.
- Shrines replaced by pictures of Mao.
- National memorial day replaced by Ch'ing Ming Festival.
46
Christianity
- Religious Affaires Departement - RAD.
- "Patriotic church movement".
- Protestants: 3,000 missionaries in 1949 and less than 100 by 1952.
- Catholics: 3,222 missionaries in 1941 and 1953 by 1952. By 1954, 1500 believers jailed.
47
Islam
- Islamic association of China - to co-operate with the regime and protect Islam.
- Xinjiang: Immams challenged communist authority so they were sent to "Thought Reform" and mass migration of the Han Chinese.
- Muslims forced to raise and eat pigs and men forced to shave their beards.
48
Buddhism
- Monks denounced as "parasites" and ordered to work.
- Chinese Buddhist Association 1953 - as a form of control.
- Tibet was especially targeted.
- 1959: Dalai Lama fled to India.
