Failure of Settlement and the Second Civil War

Question 1

Post-war divisions - Charles I

Answer 1

• Still thinks he can beat parliament
• No-one wants to remove him as king
• unwilling to compromise over the future of the Church

Question 2

Post-war divisions - Political Presbyterians

Answer 2

• Wanted a conservative settlement with Charles
  Wanted:
• Control of the militia
• To choose Charles’s advisors
• Reform the church = Directory of worship

Question 3

Post-war divisions - The army

Answer 3

• Feb 1647 = MPs disbanded the new model army - MPs wanted to remove radial officers and replace them with Presbyterians
• Troops wanted pay and indemnity

Question 4

Newcastle propositions

Answer 4

• July 1946
  Stated:
• Charles would accept Presbyterianism for 3 years
• Parliament control Militia for 20 years
• Triennial act remains
• only 58 Royalists would be pardoned
  Charles Stalled hoping that Parliament would breakdown and he wouldn’t have to accept

Question 5

Parliament moves to disband the new model army

Answer 5

• Army were owed £3 million - Parliament had to pay this - Wouldn’t have to if they disbanded the army - MPs voted in favour of this in Feb 1647

Question 6

Politicisation of the New model army

Answer 6

• Army disagreed with parliament disbanding them - also seemed Political Presbyterians were setting up a new rival army

Question 7

New Model army’s opposition to the parliament

Answer 7

• Declaration of dislike - 30th March 1647 = made the army enemies of the state
• April 1647 - Army elected Agitators to represent their views - Many were radical
• Levellers began to gain support from within the party
• May 1647 Commons voted to disband the army

Question 8

Army control of the king

Answer 8

• 2 June 1647 - Charles seized by Joyce under Agitators orders
• 4th June 1647 - Army produced the ‘humble remonstrance’ declaring they would not disband unless grievances were met

Question 9

General council of the army

Answer 9

• 5th June 1647 the Army created the General council of the army which was led by Fairfax and dominated by Cromwell and Ireton - Solemn engagement agreed the army should stay together until a fair settlement was assured

Question 10

Representation of the army

Answer 10

Outline the position of the army stating they wanted…
- Purge of parliament
- Guaranteed right of freedom
- Extension of religious freedom
July 1647 = Impeachment charges against 11 MPs including Holles who were seen as leading Parliament against the Army

Question 11

Division 1647 - 1648

Answer 11

King believed that division between parliament and army gave him mire time to recover and defeat parliament

Question 12

Heads of the Proposals

Answer 12

More generous to King compared to Newcastle propositions - Included:
- Parliament control of militia
- Act of oblivion = exempted only a few Royalists from punishment
- Parliament Control of offices of state for 10 years
Army agitators felt the proposals were too moderate and thus it created divisions within the army

Question 13

Division in Parliament

Answer 13

• Conservatives (Political Presbyterians) were happy with the heads of the proposals
• Othered favoured ‘liberty for tender consciences’ - Known as Political Independents

Question 14

Summer of 1647

Answer 14

Mob in London which forced many of the moderate MPs to flee to the army for safety

Question 15

Division within the army

Answer 15

• summer of 1647 = struggle for control of the army between Moderate officers and the Levellers who wanted to use the army for revolution

Question 16

The case of the army truly stated

Answer 16

• Oct 1647
• demanded wider reform including that power was derived from the people

Question 17

The agreement of the people

Answer 17

• Stated all people were capable of exercising political rights - Grandees were repelled by such revolutionary ideas

Question 18

Putney Debates

Answer 18

Levellers debated with the Grandees - aim was to get the army to accept the agreement o the people - Agitators were in favour - Final outcome is unknown

Question 19

Second civil war

Answer 19

• Charles escaped 11th November 1647
• Cromwell gathered troops in response
• Charles was sent the four bills whilst in prison which was a combination of Newcastle propositions and army heads - He rejected the offer

Question 20

The Engagement

Answer 20

• Dec 1647
• Charles made an agreement with the Engagers = Sottish covenanters - Charles agreed to 3years of Presbyterianism in England
• Parliament passed vote of no addresses on the 3rd Jan 1648, which meant there would be no further negotiations with the king

Question 21

Charles name during the second civil war

Answer 21

Called Charles Stuart instead of King Charles and named ‘man of blood’ as he was fighting against his own people

Question 22

Second civil war - response from Scotland

Answer 22

Support for the Engagers - Reluctance to fight until Charles implemented the Covenant

Question 23

How did Cromwell feel about victory of the Second civil war

Answer 23

‘Nothing but the hand of God’

Question 24

Windsor prayer meeting

Answer 24

• April 1648
• Charles called man of blood - First time idea of Regicide was mentioned

Question 25

Surrender of Royalist forces at Colchester

Answer 25

- Aug 1648 - New model army won in the battle at Preston despite being outnumbered 3:1 - Colchester surrendered to Fairfax and Royalist commanders executed

Question 26

Repeal of Vote of no addresses

Answer 26

- Political independent MPs who had supported the army now wanted reconciliation with the king - This was repealed in the hopes of a settlement with the King

Question 27

Newport Treaty

Answer 27

- November 1648 - Kind remained adamant that Episcopacy was not to be abandoned and didn't want any Royalists to be persecuted - King did allow parliament control of the Militia and the ability to appoint State officials - King wanted Presbyterianism to be main religion for 3 years

Question 28

Who still wanted reform with the King

Answer 28

- Presbyterians and Middle group MPs wanted negotiations - Army did not and grew angry at parliament for allowing the king to come to London to complete the settlement

Question 29

Remonstrance of the army

Answer 29

- 18th November 1648 - Key mover behind the remonstrance was Ireton - Demanded Parliament put Charles on trial - if not then the army would purge the parliament

Question 30

Prides Purge

Answer 30

- Dec 1648 - Parliament had decided to continue the Newport treaties with Charles - caused the army to act - 70 MPs were left in parliament known as the rump

Question 31

4th January 1649

Answer 31

Rump passed Three resolutions, claiming sole authority to make law - only 26/46 members of the Rump that voted wanted the king to be taken to trial

Question 32

20th January 1649

Answer 32

Kings trial began - Found guilty on 27th January 1649

Question 33

30th January 1649

Answer 33

Execution of the king

Question 34

What can the Kings trial be seen as

Answer 34

A revolutionary act

Question 35

What was Charles with

Answer 35

- Treason as he had gone to war against the people of England - Crime of Treason had always been seen as an actions against the King

Question 36

What does the 'Tenure of kings and Magistrates' state

Answer 36

Power belonged to the people originally and that they had given this power to the king

Question 37

Protectorate

Answer 37

Designated protector who took responsibility for the nations well-being

Question 38

Interregnum

Answer 38

Period when England had no king and was 'between' reigns

Question 39

How was the execution of Charles greeted

Answer 39

With Shock - demonstrations cumulated in the murder of English ambassadors in the Netherlands

Question 40

What did the Rump do following the execution of Charles

Answer 40

Declared itself the sole legislative authority - Elected a council of state - The rump wanted calm in the country after the execution

Question 41

What happened at Burford

Answer 41

Cromwell and Fairfax caught the Mutineers - 300 in total with 3 killed

Question 42

Why were the Levellers defeated

Answer 42

Relied on Pamphlets to spread their ideas - reintroduction of Censorship reduced the impact of this propaganda method significantly

Question 43

Who replaced the Levellers as the Radical threat to the hierarchy

Answer 43

The Quakers

Question 44

Why was their a royalist threat from Ireland

Answer 44

Irish Anglicans and Catholics unified with the possibility f invasion by Charles II

Question 45

Drogheda and Wexford

Answer 45

Cromwell's army stormed these areas killing 4600 - However the attacks were within the rules of war

Question 46

Why did Cromwell have to go to Scotland

Answer 46

To counter the threat of invasion from the North - David Leslie led the Scottish army

Question 47

What happened at Dubar

Answer 47

English army trapped and deprived of supplies - 3rd Sept 1650, Cromwell managed to turn it around and claimed victory

Question 48

What Happened at Worcester

Answer 48

3rd Sept 1651 - Crowell destroys the Royalist army led by Charles II - Charles II lacked failed as he lacked financial aid and had a small army of 13,000 soldier's