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PSYC100 > Fall > Flashcards

Fall Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical Methods

A

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation

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2
Q

Ethics

A

Professional guidelines that offer researchers a temple for making decisions that protect participants from harm
Help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the integrity of their research

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3
Q

Hypotheses

A

A logical idea that can be tested

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4
Q

Systematic observation

A

A careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it,
observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally or otherwise organization about the natural world

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5
Q

Theories

A

groups of closely related phenomena or observations

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5
Q

Causality

A

The determination that one variable causes - is responsible for an effect

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5
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

a piece of biased evidence, usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct

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6
Q

Correlation

A

The measure of relatedness of two or more variables

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7
Q

Data

A

information systematically collected for analysis and interpretation

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7
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

A form of reasoning in which a premise determines the interpretation of specific observations

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8
Q

Distribution

A

The relative frequency that a particular value occurs for each possible value of a given variable

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9
Q

Empirical

A

concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim

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10
Q

Falsify

A

the ability of a claim to be tested and possibly refuted

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11
Q

Generalize

A

the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from the findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study

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12
Q

Induction

A

to draw conclusions from specific observations

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13
Q

Null hypothesis significance testing

A

a test created to determine the chances that an alternative hypothesis would produce a result as extreme as the one observed if the null hypothesis were actually true

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14
Q

Objective

A

being free of personal bias

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15
Q

Representative

A

the degree to which. sample is a typical example of the population from which it is drawn

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16
Q

Sample

A

a number of people selected from the population to serve as an example of that population

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17
Q

Scientific theory

A

an explanation for observed phenomena that is empirically well supported, consistent and predictive

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18
Q

Type I error

A

the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

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19
Q

type II error

A

the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

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20
Q

Behaviorism

A

the study of behavior

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21
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the study of mental processes

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22
Consciousness
awareness of ourselves and our environment
23
Empiricism
The belief that knowledge comes from experience
24
Eugenics
The practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits
25
Flashbulb memory
A highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event
26
Functionalism
focus on the utility of consciousness
27
Gestalt psychology
an attempt to study the unity of experience
28
introspection
a method of focusing on internal processes
28
individual differences
ways in which people differ in terms of their behavior, emotion, cognition and development
28
Neural impulse
an electro chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate
29
Psychophysics
study of the relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli
30
Realism
a pov that emphasizes the importance of the sense in providing knowledge of the external world
31
structuralism
describe the elements of a conscious experience
32
Cause and effect
related to whether we say on variable is causing changes in the other variable, versus other variables that may be related to these two variables
33
Confidence interval
an interval of plausible values of a population parameter, the interval of values within the margin of error of a statistic
34
Distribution
the pattern of variation in data
35
Margin of error
the expected amount of random variation in a stat, often defined for 95% confidence level
36
Parameter
a numerical result summarizing a population
37
P-value
the probability based method to divide a sample into treatment groups
38
Random assignment
using a probability based method to divide a sample into treatment groups
39
random sampling
using a probability based method to select a subset of individual for the sample from the population
40
Sample
the collection of individuals on which we collect data
41
Validity
the degree to which a measure is assessing what it is intended to measure
42
Daily diary method
a method where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings and behaviour of the day
43
day reconstruction method
a method where partcipants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day
44
Ecological momentary assessment
methods that repeatedly sample participants real world experiences behavior and physiology in real time
45
Ecological validity
the degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday
46
Experience sampling method
A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day.
47
External validity
The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings
48
full cycle psychology
A scientific approach whereby researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with laboratory experimentation to verify the effect and isolate the causal mechanisms, and return to field research to corroborate their experimental findings.
49
Generalize
the ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on a smaller sample of observations. the sample should accurately represent the larger population from which it is drawn
50
internal validity
the degree to which a cause effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established
50
lived day analysis
a method where a research team follows an individual around with a video camera to document a persons daily life as it is lived
51
Confounds
factors that undermine the ability to draw casual infrences from an experiment
52
longitudinal study
a study that follows the same group of individuals over time
53
Operational definitions
how researchers specifically measure a concept
54
participant demand
when participants behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to behave
55
placebo effect
when receiving special treatment or something new affects human behavior
56
Quasi experimental design
an experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions
57

PSYC100 (1 decks)

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