Fall 2018 MCM Midterm Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
Ether
A
2
Q
Molality
A
moles solute / kg solvent
mol/kg
3
Q
Molarity
A
Moles of solute/Liters solution
4
Q
Facilitated diffusion
A
Facilitates down concentration gradient
Carrier mediated transporter
no energy needed
5
Q
Facilitated diffusion rate of diffusion is _______
A
Limited
Vmax is limited, compared to passive diffusion
6
Q
Primary active transport require…
A
ATP
7
Q
Na+ K+ is an example of what kind of transporter
A
Active transporter
8
Q
Na+K+ atpase moves sodium… where and potassium… where?
A
It moves 3 sodium out of the cell
It moves 2 potassium into the cell
9
Q
Calcium concentration is greater _____ the cell?
A
outside
extracellularly
10
Q
What kind of pump is the calcium transporter?
A
Active transporter
11
Q
Secondary transport transports by
A
using energy but not ATP
concentration gradients or symport/antiport
12
Q
Type I diabetes
A
no insulin produced
13
Q
Type II diabetes
A
Sub obtimal response to insulin
14
Q
Buffer consists of
A
weak base and conjugate base
15
Q
Ligase
A
Forms bond between two by cleavage of ATP
16
Q
apoenzyme
A
The protein part of a complex enzyme or of a holoenzyme
17
Q
Holoenzyme
A
cofactor and apoenzyme
18
Q
Lipid bilayer is composed of (3)
A
phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
19
Q
Phospholipids are composed of
A
Philic head
Phobic tail
20
Q
In general lipids can be 5 things
A
structural
antioxidant
substrates
resevoirs
hormones
21
Q
Arachidonic acid
A
PRecursor to eicosanoids
Acid with fatty acid chain
SIGNALING (secondary messenger)
22
Q
EPA name
A
Arachidonic Acid
23
Q
Basic AA
A
Arginine (R)
Lysine (K)
Histidine (H)
24
Q
Polar AA
A
Glutamine (Q)
Asparagine (N)
Serine (S)
Cysteine (C)
Threonine (T)
25
What's significant about serine?
It has sulfur and can make disulfide bridges
26
Acidic AA
Aspartate (D)
Glutamate (E)
27
Aromatic AA
Tyrosine (Y)
Phenylalanine (F)
Tryptophan (W)
28
Nonpolar AA
Alanine (A)
Valine (V)
Isoleucine (I)
Leucine (L)
Methionine (M)
Proline (P)
Glycine (G)
29
What's significant about methionine?
It has a Sulfur
30
Polar AA can bond what way?
Hydrogen bonds
31
What are the hydrophobic AA?
Nonpolar and aromatic
32
Ribozyme
RNA molecule acting as an enzyme
33
IU
internation unit
umol/min
34
High Km
Low affinity
35
Paracrine signals
Signals between two different cells at short distance.
36
Autocrine Signals
Siganls between two same cells nearby
37
Endocrine signals
Long distance signalling to target cells
38
Contact Signals
signalling through cell to cell contact
39
Skeletal has what kind of acetylcholine receptors
nicotininic
40
Cardiac M. has what kind of acetylcholine receptors?
muscarinic
41
Glut4 is found in
muscle and adipose
42
GLUT 2 is found in
hepatic cells
43
Glut 2 is ______ of insulin
independent
44
Glut 4 is ______ on insulin
dependent
45
Glut 1 and 3 is foudn in the
Brain
46
Glycogen storage found mostly in
liver and muscle
47
What is the final product of glycolysis
Pyruvate
or lactate
48
Hexokinase vs Glucokinase Km
Hexokinase Low Km
Glucokinase high Km
49
Phosphorylated Glucose
Can't leave the cell
50
A phosphorylating enzyme step is...
irreversable
51
Caloric content of
Fat
Alcohol
Carbohydrate
Protein
9
7
4
4
52
Five secondary messangers
cAMP
cGMP
Ca2+
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
53
Ester
54
Amide
55
D and L sugars
LSDRu??
L and S counterclockwise
56
Steroid precursor
Cholesterol
57
What is pyridoxine?
Vitamin B6
58
What is cardiolipin?
On inner layer of mitochondria, makes plasma less permeable. Phospholipids with 4 chains
59
Mitochondrial DNA described
Circular, double stranded
60
Mitochondrial genetic patterns
Does not follow mendelian genetics
61
Where are ribosome subunits synthesized?
Nucleuoli
62
Where are ribosomal proteins produced?
cytoplasm
63
Golgi apparatus - cis face
cis face is near the RER
64
Where does phosphorylation and glycosylation occur of recently synthesized proteins?
Golgi Apparatus
65
Phagosomes function
fuse with lysosomes, digest material
66
Pinocytotic vesicle steps
Clathrin coating
Fuse with early endosome
67
Early endosomes and late endosome locations
Start near cell membrane,
End near nucleus
68
How does cholesterol get into the cell?
LDL + Cholesterol travel to cell
Ingested by endosome
Cholesterol released to cell
69
IF you had vvv or disfuncitoning LDL receptors what which circulatory disease would you be predisposed to?
Atherosclerosis
70
Which enzymes assist inside of lysosome?
Acid Hydrolase
71
Intermediate filament function
Protect the cell structurally from shearing or stretching
72
Intermediate filament structure
Multiple stranded rope providing strength
73
Intermediate filament classes
Keratin
Desmin
Vimetin
Neurofilament
Nuclear Lamins
74
Two kinds of actin
F-actin (filamentous)
G-Actin (Globular)
75
Actin role in cell cortex?
^^^ amounts of actin in cell cortex, thin layer underlying cell membrane.
76
What filament binds to integrins and what do integrins do?
Actin
This allows binding to extracellular proteins
77
Myosin is compromised of?
actin
78
Actins role in wound healing?
Actin is used by fibroblasts to pull on wound to seal it
79
Intermediate filament structure
Circular 13 tubular proteins of either alpha or beta binding to counter alpha or beta part.
80
Which way do intermediate filaments grow?
from the centrosome "-" site to the "+" direction
81
Microtubule stability?
Unstable
Half life of minutes
82
3 Microtubule functions
Stability
Intracellular movement
Seperate chromosomes (mitosis)
83
What does the MAP kinesin do?
the microtuble associated protein will walk to the + end or cell outside
84
What do MAP dyneins do?
Walk toward - end or center of cell
85
Common polar heads for phospholipids
choline
serine
ethanolamine
inositol
glycerol
86
Name
Phosphatidylcholine
87
Name
Sphingomyelin
88
Name
Ethanolamine
89
Name
Serine
90
Name
inositol
91
Name
Glycerol
92
Lecithin (a phosphatidylcholine) is used for?
Diagnosing fetal diagnostics (lung maturity)
93
Rhizomelic Chondroysplasia punctata
Problem
Symptoms
Mutation preventing plasmalogens in peroxisomes
Skeletal abnormalities
Distinctive facial features
respiratory problems
intellectual disability
94
PIP2 is an example of what? Function?
An inositol
Signaling
95
Phosphatidylserine role
Apoptosis
It will flip in membrane and signal apoptosis
96
What is glycerols role in fetuses?
Plays a role in surfactant, used to measure surfactant
97
Precursor to Cholesterol
Acetyl CoA
98
Spherocytosis
Physiological presentation
Symptoms
Rigid misshapen cells
Jaundice, gallstones, vvv RBC, enlarged spleen
99
GLUT-1 Deficiency syndrome
vvv blood sugar in csf
^^^^ mental retardation and seizures
100
Selenocysteine is foudn in proteins with what kind of activity?
Antioxidant
101
Which amino acid helps stabilize proteins?
Cysteine through disulfide bridges
102
What is the difference between cystine and cysteine?
Cystine is two cysteines connected by a disfulide bridge
103
How do hydrophobic AA interact with one another?
Through van der waals interactions
104
How are secondary structures held together?
Hydrogen bonds
105
What are the secondary protein structures?
alpha helice
beta sheet
beta turn
random coils
(beta turn and random coils are not consistent, but sporadic)
106
What is the g protein coupled receptor made up of?
7 transmembrane alpha helices
Ligand domain
Cytoplasmic domain (attaches to G proteins)
107
3 examples of quaternary proteins?
hemoglobin
heterotrimeric G-proteins (alpha beta gamma)
Type II collagen
108
What does Hsp70 do?
Heatshock protein 70 binds to the end of a protein to prevent premature folding
109
What does Hsp60 do?
Heat shock protein 60 folds protein using ATP
110
alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency
MUTATION causes the protease inhibitor to build up in liver (cirrhosis and dysfunction), and doesn't reach lungs, causing lung problems
111
Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease
comes from MUTATION (5-10%), sporadic (85%), and acquired (mad cow)
^^^ # of denatured prions in brain
^^^^ # of B sheets
112
Amyloidosis
Cause
Aggregation of misfolded proteins as a result of PROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE and fragmentation of proteins.
113
AA Amyloidosis
Cause:
Leads to:
Precipitation of amyloid A fragments
Rheumatoid Arthritis
114
AL Amyloidosis
Causes
LEads to:
Precipitation of Light chain antibody.
Multiple Myeloma (cancer of antibody producing cells)
115
Alzheimers Disease (AB amyloidosis)
Precipitation of B-Amyloid (amyloid precursor protein)
Brain degeneration
116
Glucose 6 P Dehydrogenase Disease
Proteins in RBC are damaged by O2 free radicals, protein fragments preceiptate in RBC (heinz bodies)
OXIDATIVE DAMAGE
117
Non competitive enzyme inhibitor
Lower Vmax
Same Km
118
Competitive Enzyme inhibitor
Same Vmax
Lower Km
119
Uncompetitive enzyme inhibitor
Lower Vmax
Lower Km
120
Adenylyl Cyclase
ATP into cAMP
121
Protein Kinase A (PKA) is turned on by
cAMP
122
What does hexokinase and glucokinase do?
Converts Glucose into Glucose 6-phosphate
123
What do dehydrogenases do?
Remove H+ (oxidation/reduction reactions)
124
Whats a kinase?
Enzyme transferring phosphate from ATP
125
Aldolase function?
Reversible
F1,6BP \> G3P + DHAP
126
Osmolality of ECF and ICF
290 mOsm
127
ECF is \_\_% of the body water
33%
128
Simple diffusion types
Passive diffusion
Channels
Pore
129
Proteosome function?
A protein complex that breaks down proteins that have been tagged by ubiquitin
130
Lipids with serine plasma membrane role?
Apoptosis
131
AMP relationship with energy
High AMP = low energy
132
What does pyranose and furanose look like?
'forms of glucose pyranose is more common form
133
What are the super secondary structures?
Two of them are the leucine zipper and the zinc finger.
They are binding domains in transcription
134
Mucchopolysacharidoses
Inability to degrade glucosaminglycans
135
spingolipidoses
Inability to degrade plasma sphingolipids
136
Pompe Disease
Inability to degrade glycogen
137
Mucolipidoses II(I-cell)
Inability to deliver acid hydrolases into the lysosome
138
Angelman's syndrome
INablity to degrade proteins in the cerebellum/hippocampus
Really happy and laughy
139
VHL syndrome
prevents degradation of hypoxia inducible factor subunits
HIF's will be high \> blood vessel formation \> tumor/cancer
140
Acid extruders
What they do and examples
Get's H+ out of the cell
Na-H exchanger
Sodium driven Cl-HCO3 exchanger
H/moncarboxylate cotransporter
Na/HCO3 co transporter
141
Acid loaders
Transports H+ into the cell
Cl- channels for HCo3 to leave
Proton channel
Cl-HCO3 Exchanger
Na/HCO3 cotransporter
142
List the functional groups involved in enzymatic catalysis.
Covalent Intermediates
Cysteine, serine, lysine, histidine
143
List the functional groups involved in enzymatic catalysis.
Acid base catalysis
Histidine, aspartate
144
List the functional groups involved in enzymatic catalysis.
Anion Stabilization
Arginine, serine, peptide backbone
145
List the functional groups involved in enzymatic catalysis.
Cation stabilization
Aspartate
146
Organophosphorus toxins (nerve gas, VX, Sarin) do what to body?
Covalently bind to achetylcholinase, which leads to acetyl coa build up in body
147
Phophorylation mostly targets which AA?
S, T, Y
They all have oh groups
148
What is feed forward regulation
increase of substrate
149
What is the main way to control long term cell volume change?
By making osmolytes
Sorbitol, inositol
150
Two examples of contact signaling
Gap junctions
Antibody presentation
151
Nicotinic ACh receptor action?
Na+/K+ channel
152
Muscarinic ACh receptor action?
G-protein linked receptor
regulates K+ channel
153
What steroids attach to type I nuclear receptors
Cortisone
Aldosterone
Progesterone
Testeosterone
154
What steroids attach to nuclear receptors type III
Estradiol
155
Type I and III nuclear receptors location, action?
located in cytosol
Bind to hormone in cytosol and dimerize, enter nucleus and effect dna transcription.
156
Type II nuclear receptor, what hormones use this route?
Thyroid Hormone
Vitamin D3
Retinoic acid
Fatty Acids
157
Type II nuclear receptor mechanism
Hormone binds to dimer in nucleus \> Corepressor is released and coactivator is added \> Transcription
158
Nitric oxide activates....
Guanylate cyclase
159
Nitric oxide passes freely past cell membrane, and activate guanylate cyclase, which does what?
guanylate cyclase activate cGMP which causes cascade and in this case results in vasodilation
160
What kind of receptor is adrenergic and what do they do?
G-protein linked protein
HR
Smooth M. constriction
Metabolism
161
What drugs work on adrenergic receptors?
Beta blockers. Antagonists of Beta adrenergic receptors.
Can treat arrythmia's
162
What kind of receptor are glucagon receptors?
G-protein linked
163
What kind of receptor is there for muscarinic ACh?
In the heart, G-linked protein receptors
No secondary messengers though
164
What kind of receptor is there for rhodopsin?
G-protein linked receptor.
Senses light
165
What kind of receptors does dopamine act on?
G-protein linked receptors
166
Drugs that act on dopamine receptors are related to what illnesses?
Schizophrenia, Parkinsons disease, ADHD
167
Insulin has what kind of receptor?
Enzyme linked receptor
Activates cascade
168
What does protein kinase A do?
Phosphorylates, which either activates or deactivates enzyme
169
What does Gs subunit do?
Stimulates adenylate cyclase
increase cAMP
170
What does Gi subunit do?
Inhibits adenylyl cyclase
decreases cAMP
171
What does Gq subunit do?
activates phospholipase C
Increase DAG IP3 and Ca2+
172
What does Gt subunit do?
Increases phosphodiesterase
increases cGMP
173
Which hormones activate Gs subunit?
Glucagon
Epinephrine
ACHT
174
Which hormones activate Gi subunit?
Adenosine
PGE1
175
alpha 1 adrenergic cells are located where? mediate what mechanism?
muscle
vasodilation through use of phospholipase C, activating DAG, IP3 and Ca2+
176
Adenosine acts on which subunit?
Effect on cAMP and HR
Gi subunit,
decreases cAMP
decreases HR
177
Caffeine mechanism
Antagonist of adenosine receptors, therefore increases HR
178
JAK STAT receptors
Kind?
Which molecule uses this?
JAK does?
STAT does?
Enzyme linked receptor
Cytokines
JAKs are tyrosine kinases
STAT's are signal transducers
179
Serine Threonine kinase receptors
Kind?
Used by?
Signal transducer that binds to receptor?
Enzyme linked receptor
transforming growth factor B family
R-SMAD
180
Tyrosine-Kinase Receptor
Type?
Used by?
Signaling pathways it can activate?
Enzyme linked receptor
Insulin
MAP-Kinase, Phospholipase C, PI-3 Kinase
181
What does MAP-Kinase do?
Activates transcription of genes involved in glucose metabolism
182
What does PI-3Kinase do?
Shuttles GLUT-4 to membrane for insulin
183
What does PLC do? (phospholipase Kinase C)
Starts lipid and glycogen synthesis
184
Precursors of Eicosanoids
AA, Linoleic Acid, EPA, DHA
185
Eicosanoids act through which receptor?
GPCR's
186
omega6:omega3
difference?
Ratio?
Omega 6 is more inflammatory and more stable
Healthy ratio is 1:1 - 4:1
187
Four major classes of eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thomboxanes, Lipoxins
188
Phosphorylase versus phosphatase?
Phosphorylase adds phophate
Phosphatase removes phosphate
189
Kinase role
add phosphate from atp
190
Synthase mechanism
Adds two molecules without ATP
191
Phosphodiesterase interaction with cAMP
Converts cAMP into AMP
192
Epinephrine acts through what two receptors, and what do those receptors do?
Beta 2 adrengergic receptor (activates adenylyl cyclase)
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor (activates PLC-2 \> ca+ \>glycogen degradation)
193
Glucagon's relationship with muscle glycogen metabolism
It has not effect
194
Calciums relationship with glycogen metabolism
Ca++ release from excercise stimulates glycogen degradation
195
Ca2+ Calmodulin purpose
Stimulate glycogenolysis in muscle
196
High AMP means what?
low energy
197
Deficiency of omega-3's affects...?
affects learning, memory, olfactory and auditory responses.
Leads to depression and aggression
198
PLA2 is inhibited by..?
Glucocorticoids (steroids)
199
Cox1 Job
costitutively expressed to maintain normal physiology
200
Cox2 job
Inducible in response to stress signals, proinflammatory
201
Lipoxygenases are ?
Leukotrienes and Lipoxins
202
COX 1 and 2 pathway make what eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes
203
The one inhibitory eucosanoid
PGE2
| (causes pain/inflammation in neurons)
204
Common precursor for prostaglandins
PGH2
205
When a prostaglandin or thromboxine releases Ca2+ as a secondary messanger, what is the effect?
Constriction
206
When a prostaglandin releases cAMP as a secondary messanger what happens?
Relaxation, dilation
207
TXA2 is what?
And what is it's role?
Where is it produced?
TXA2 is a thromboxane, it causes aggregation of blood clotting factors and vasoconstriction
Platelets
208
NSAIDs do what to Cyclooxygenase
Inhibit
209
What are resolvins?
Produced from?
When especially produced?
Resolvins inhibit proinflammatory factors
Produced from EPA and DHA cox2
Especially produced in presence of aspirin
210
Lipoxins are what?
anti-inflammatory factors and stop carcinogenesis
211
Leukotrienes are what?
Where produced
Proinflammatory
5-lypoxygenase pathway
212
PGE2/PGF2 can do what?
induce labor
213
PGE1 is used to treat
ulcers
214
PGI2 is used to treat
pulmonary hypertension
215
PGF2a is used in treatment of
glaucoma
216
Endocannibinoids: Anandamine
produced by
effectan
Produced by transacylase
analgesic
217
Isoprostaines
Produced by:
Released by:
Used for:
Peroxidation of AA
PLA2
Measures oxidate stress.
218
PGD2 major site of synthesis
Mast cells
219
When will proteolysis occur for HMG-CoA?
High cholesterol, bile salts and sterols
220
Glucagon's relationship with cholesterol synthesis
Inverse
When glucagon is high, cholesterol synthesis is low.
221
What is insulin's relationship with cholesterol synthesis?
When insulin is high cholesterol synthesis is high.
Linear
222
What happens when HMG Coa Reductase is dephosphorylated?
It is active and cholesterol synthesis occurs
223
High sterols effect cholesterol synthesis how?
By inhibiting transcription of HMG CoA reductase
224
What do statins do?
competitively inhibit HMG CoA reductase, lowering cholesterol synthesis
225
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase AND PDC complex
activators
Lipoic Acid
FAD
NAD+
Thiamine Pyrophosphate
CoA
226
UCP involved in
UCP (thermogenin) is involved in heat production through brown fat cells, it causes a leak and disperses heat by uncoupling ETC
227
Carbon monoxide and cyanide inhibit
Complex IV
228
IF there was a genetic defect of Oxidative phosphorylation, which DNA would most likely have cause the error?
mtDNA
Less control and checks
229
Dinitrophenol
What does it do?
Its an uncoupler
It facilities diffusion of proton gradient across inner mt membrane
230
3 ketone bodies
acetoacetate
acetate
beta-hydroxybutarate
231
Alcohol effects on metabolism
increase in NADH
Stops TCA
Acetyl CoA turns to ketones
232
Main difference in peroxisomal beta oxidation compared to mitochondrial beta oxidation?
FADH2 is produced
233
MCAD deficiency:?
What levels are high?
Treatment
Hypoketotic and hypoglycemic at fasting
High C6-C10 acylcarnitine in plasma AND urine
High C6-C10 dicarboxylic acids in urine (due to omega-oxidation)
High carbohydrates and glucose
234
Who needs carnitine for transport into mitochondria? who doesn't?
Long chain fatty acids \> C12 need carnitine
Medium chain fatty acids do not need carnitine for transport
235
Defiencies of Carnitine metabolism consequences
Liquid droplet accumulation in the liver heart and skeletal muscle.
236
Primary Carnitine Deficiency
Plasma C(16-18) acyl carnitine levels?
Plasma free carnitine levels?
Urine free carnitine levels?
Carnitine not transported into the cell
LOW
LOW
ELEVATED in urine (it has no where to go)
237
CPTI (liver)
Plasma C(16-18) acyl carnitine levels?
Plasma free carnitine levels?
Urine free carnitine levels?
CPTI enzyme not able to combine the long chain fatty acyl coa to the carnitine and therefore the long chain can't enter the matrix.
LOW (not made)
HIGH (doesn't ever attach)
NORMAL
238
CAT deficiency
Plasma C(16-18) acyl carnitine levels?
Plasma free carnitine levels?
Urine free carnitine levels?
CAT is unable to bring in the fatty acylcoa-carnitine, AND recycle the carnitine
HIGH (can't enter matrix, goes to plasma)
LOW (Carnitine gets placed on acycoa but never recycled)
NORMAL
239
CPT II deficiency
Plasma C(16-18) acyl carnitine levels?
Plasma free carnitine levels?
Urine free carnitine levels?
Unable to split fatty acyl carnitine, therefore it stays in that form. No Beta oxidation
HIGH (looks like CAT will still transport it out)
LOW
NORMAL
240
What does acyl coa dehydrogenase do?
It's the first step it Beta oxidation
241
How to go from pyruvate to oxaloacetate (and eventually to phosphoenolpyruvate for gluconeogenesis)?
Pyruvate carboxylase
242
What will activate the PDC and alpha keto dehydrogenase?
NAD+
FAD
LIPOIC acid
thiamine pyrophosphate
CoA
243
What will inhibit the PDC complex?
Acetyl Coa
NADH
244
What phosphyrlation state should the PDC be in to be active?
What will active end product be?
It needs to be dephosphorylated
Acetyl CoA
245
What will Ca2+ do to the PDC?
And which way will the reaction go? (like what is the end product)
It will activate the phosphatase, which will dephosphorylate the PDC and ACTIVATE it leading to acetyl coa
246
Glucose 6 phosphatase role?
In gluconeogenesis convert G6P to Glucose
247
F1,6BPase Role?
Inhibited by?
Convert F16P to F6P
F26BP
248
Achetyl choline does what to the heart?
binds to muscarininc
which activates Gi subunit
VVV cAMP and HR
Also it opens K+ channels
249
chylomicrons, vldl, hdl, ldl differences
Chylomicrons and vldl transport TAG, chylo's from small intestines, vldl from liver
HDL takes cholesterol away from cell to excrete
LDL moves cholesterol to cell
250
When is albumin used?
When fatty acids are being transported from the adipocyte to the liver
251
