Fall ABD review

Question 1

Coverings of organs?

Answer 1

Liver- Glissons capsule

Kidney- true capsule surronds perinephric fat, Gerota’s fascia surronds both

Question 2

layers of the vessles frominner to outer?

Answer 2

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Question 3

fluid collections?

Answer 3

bile- biloma

pus- pyoma or abcess

urine- urinoma

blood- hematoma

Question 4

separates left lobe and caudate?

Answer 4

ligamentum venosum

Question 5

separates the left and right lobes of the liver?

Answer 5

middle hepatic vein, main lobar fissure, gallbladder fossa

Question 6

separates the left lobe into lateral and medial segiments?

Answer 6

left hepatic vein, left intersegmental fissure, ligamentum teres, falciform ligament

Question 7

separates the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments?

Answer 7

right hepatic vein, right intersegmental ligament

Question 8

normal spleen, liver, and kidney measurements?

Answer 8

spleen: 8 to 13 cm
liver: 15 cm
kidney: 9 to 12cm

Question 10

portal hypertension definition and indications?

Answer 10

an increase in portal venous pressure

suspected secondary to liver disease

lack of compression or thrombosis

acute onset of hepatic vein occlusion

congestive heart failure

Question 11

polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Answer 11

can be dormant for years

decreased renal function

UTI, flank pain, hematuria

Question 12

nephrocalcinosis/medullary sponge kidney

Answer 12

rare, benign

caused by a collection of calcium in renal parechyma

medullary: congenital, small to normal size kidney, increased echogenicity in renal pyramids
cortical: hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, UTI

Question 13

oncocytoma

Answer 13

benign, men in 60s

Question 14

renal cell carcinoma/ hypernephroma/ adenocarcinoma

Answer 14

anorexia, flank pain, gross hematuria, hypertension, mass, weight loss

Question 15

transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 15

found in renal pelvis, ureters, or bladder, can cause obstruction

Question 16

renal function labs

Answer 16

blood urea nitrogen

creatine: by product of muscle energy metabolism

Question 17

aspartate aminotransferase

Answer 17

an ensyme present in tissues that have a high rate of metabolic activity. released at high levels as a result of death or metabolic activity

Question 18

alanine aminotransferase

Answer 18

more specific than AST

hepatitis, hepatocellular disease, obstructive jaundice

Question 19

lactic acid dehydrogenase

Answer 19

found in kidneys, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, liver, lungs

hepatitis, cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice

Question 20

alkaline phosphate

Answer 20

produced by the liver, bone, intestines,a nd placenta

cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary obstruction, gallstones, hepatitis, metastatic liver disease

Question 21

bilirubin

Answer 21

product of the breakdown of hemoglobin in tired RBC’s. liver converts these by prducts into bile pigments

indirect bilirubin is acute hepatocellular disease

direct bilirubin is biliary tract obstruction

total bilirubin is cirrhosis and other chronic liver cell disease

Question 22

pancreatic exocrine function

Answer 22

acinar cells produces pancreatic juice to aid in digestion

lipase breaks down fats

trypsin digest proteins

amylase digest carbohydrates

Question 23

pacreatic endocrine funciton

Answer 23

produces glucagons and insulin

insulin regulates metabolism of sugars

glucagon changes the form of sugars

Question 24

acute pancreatitis

Answer 24

inflammtion of the pancreas secondary to leakage of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells inot the parenchyma

most common cause is biliary tract disease

Question 25

hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Answer 25

active lytic pancreative enzymes into the glandular parenchyma and destruction of pancreatic tissue

Question 26

pseudocyst

Answer 26

complication of acute pancreatitis or trauma

Question 27

symptoms of an abcess

Answer 27

fever, chills, hypotension, tender, leukocytosis, bacteremia

Question 28

chronic pancreatitis

Answer 28

hyperlipidemia and hypercalcemia are predisposing factors seen often in alcoholics and men pancreas may appear more echogenic and contour is irregular calcification may be seen

Question 29

adenocarcinoma

Answer 29

one of the leading causes of death in the US involves the exocrine portion of gland occurs often in males 60 to 80 weight loss and painless jaundice

Question 30

cavernous hemangioma

Answer 30

asymptomatic small, hyperechoic mass \< 3cm in right lobe

Question 31

intraperitoneal organs

Answer 31

gallbladder, liver, ovaries, spleen, stomach

Question 32

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 32

abdominal lymph nodes, adrenal glands, aorta, ascending and descending colon, duodenum, IVC, kidneys, pancreas, prostate, ureters, urinary bladder, uterus

Question 33

potential fluid collection spaces

Answer 33

morisons pouch pouch of douglas space of retzis gutters

Question 34

spleen function

Answer 34

synthysis of blood proteins

Question 35

liver functions

Answer 35

carbohydrates, lipid, and aminoacid metabolism, removal of waste, vitamin and mineral storage, synthesis and secretion of bile

Question 36

kidney funcitons

Answer 36

blood filtration urine production

Question 37

pancrease function

Answer 37

endocrine and exocrine

Question 38

adrenal glands function

Answer 38

cortex secretes steroids medulla produces epinephrine and nonepinephorine

Question 39

define candida albicans

Answer 39

fungus that is normally present on the skin and mucus membranes

Question 40

define urachral cyst

Answer 40

incomplete regression of the urachus during development