Fall final exam Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Steps to the scientific method
A
observation, ask a question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment,analyze, fail to reject the hypothesis or reject the hypothesis, report results
2
Q
science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short term application of that knowledge.
A
basic science
3
Q
form of science that aimds to solce real world problems
A
applied science
4
Q
atomic mass
A
number of protons and neutrons
5
Q
atomic number
A
number of protons
6
Q
electrons are shared
A
covalent bonds
7
Q
covalent bonds in which there is equal sharing of the electrons
A
non polar bonds
8
Q
covalent bonds in which there is unequal sharing of the electrons
A
polar bonds
9
Q
atoms give up or gain electrons NOT sharing electrons
A
ionic bonds
10
Q
interactions between the partial negative and partial positive of a more electronegative atom on another molecule
A
hydrogen bonds
11
Q
weak attractions or interactions between two or more molecules in close proximity due to changes un electron density
A
vanderwaals interactions
12
Q
describe the four properties of water
A
water expands, water moderates temperature, water os cohesive, water is a good solvent
13
Q
the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones
A
molecular synthesis
14
Q
monomers are linked to form a polymer water leaves and a bond is built
A
dehydration synthesis
15
Q
the process of breaking polymers down into individual monomers. adds water to break a bond
A
hydrolysis
16
Q
what is the role of carbohydrates in plants
A
starch is the energy storage polysaccharide in plants
17
Q
what is the role of carbohydrates in animals
A
glycogen is the energy storage polysaccharide of animals
18
Q
what is the role of carbohydrates
A
provide energy to the body in form of glucose
19
Q
provides support for the plant cell wall
A
cellulose
20
Q
creates the hard exoskeleton of arthropods
A
chitin
21
Q
alpha bond
A
energy
22
Q
beta bond
A
structure
23
Q
describe the major types of lipids
A
fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids
24
Q
explain the role of fats in storing energy
A
contains two main components glycerol and fatty acids. triacyglycerol are formed by joining three fatty acids to a gylcerol backbone. dehydration synthesis attaches glycerol to the fatty acids via an ester linkage. three molecules of water are released in this reaction
25
contain no carom-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone; packed tightly and exist as solids at room tempurature
saturated fatty acids
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contain no carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone; packed tightly and exist as solids at room temperature
saturated fatty acids
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contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the carbon chain backbone; usually liquid at room temp do not pack tightly
unsaturated fatty acids
28
what is the structure of a phospholipid
2 fatty acid tails, glycerol, and a phosphate head
29
do the phosphate heads of a phospholipid face toward or away from the water?
towards they are hydrophilic heads
30
which way do the tails of a phospholipid face?
away they are hydrophobic
31
what is the roll of phospholipids in cells
major constituents of the plasma membrane.
32
what is the basic structure of a steroid
closed ring structure: four linked carbons, hydrophobic
33
what is the most common steroid
cholesterol
34
what is a steroid's main function
alter membrane fluidity
35
explain how cholesterol helps maintain the plasma membrane fluidity
maintains fluidity in plasma membrane at high and low temperatures
36
what are the functions proteins perform in the cell and in tissues
regulatory, structural, protective, transport, enzymes, and toxins
37
what is the relationship between amino acids and proteins
the sequence of amino acids determine protein shape, size, and function
38
unique sequence of amino acids (beads on a string)
primary structure
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local folding of the polypeptide (makes either an alpha helix of a beta pleated sheet)
secondary structure
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unique 3D structure determined by interactions among r groups of a single chain
tertiary structure
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interactions between R groups of multiple polypeptide chains
quarternary structure
42
describe the structure of a nucleic acid
nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.
43
what are the two types of nucleic acids
RNA and DNA
44
explain DNA structure and role
DNA forms a double helix, strands are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonding, sugar, and phosphate backbone. The role is to carry genetic info
45
explain RNA structure and role
single stranded, some base pairing can occur through folding. Involved in protein synthesis
46
DNA in nucleoid in cytoplasm
no membrane-bound organelles
small
prokaryotic cells
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DNA surrounded by membrane nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
larger
Eukaryotic cells
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these cells have centrosome and lysosomes
animal cells
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these cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and food vacuole
plant cells
50
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. semipermeable meaning not everything can go through it. decides what goes into and out of the cell.
plasma membrane
51
genetic information; assembly of ribosome subunits; structural support
nucleus
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where protein synthesis takes place
ribosomes
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protein synthesis and processing
rough ER
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protein processing
Golgi apparatus
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lipid synthesis
smooth ER
56
digestion and recycling
lysosomes
57
oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, or other compounds
peroxisomes
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varies-coloration, storage of oils, carbs, water, or toxins
vacuoles
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ATP production
mitochondria
60
production of ATP and sugars via photosynthesis
chloroplasts
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structural support; movement of materials ; in some species; movement of whole cell
cytoskeleton
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protection, structural support
cell wall
63
summarize the differences among the components of prokaryotic cells, animal cells, and plant cells
prokaryotic are unicellular, plant cell walls and chloroplasts, animals do not
64
fluid mosaic model
fluid: phospholipid mosaic: proteins
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penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
integral proteins
66
spans lipid bilayer completely
transmembrane proteins
67
are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane
peripheral proteins
68
function to cell-cell recognition and attachment in mebranes
carbohydrates
69
movement of phospholipids and proteins; movement of molecules in the membrane
membrane fluidity
70
occurs through diffusion. two types, faciliated and simple. movement is with the concentration gradient. NO ENERGY
passive trasnport
71
the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane often uses protein channels.
osmosis
72
describe the movement of water
moves from low solute to high solute
moves from high H2O concentration to one of low H2O concentration
73
active transport that moves ions or small molecules across a membrane and may create a difference in charge across that membrane
primary active trasnport
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movement of material that results from primary active transport to the electrochemical gradient
secondary active transport
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type of active transport that moves substances, including fluid and particles into a cell
endocytosis
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cell membrane surrounds a large particle and engulfs it (CELL EATING)
phagocytosis
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cell membrane invaginates surrounding a small volume of fluid and pinches off (CELL DRINKING)
pinocytosis
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cell's uptake of substances targets a specific type; a substance that binds to the receptors. on the cell membrane's external surface. brings a specific molecule that binds to the receptor.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
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process of passing bulk material out of the cell
exocytosis
80
begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product; each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
metabolic pathways
81
break down macromolecules into simple component parts releasing energy in the process
catabolic pathways
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build macromolecules by combining simpler molecules using energy in the process
anabolic pathways
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energy associated with motion
kinetic energy
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energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
potential energy
85
Gibbs free energy is the useable energy, or energy that is available to do work
free energy
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the energy necessary for reactions to occur
activation energy
87
absorb free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous; change of G is positive
endergonic reaction
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proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous; change of G is negative
exergonic reaction
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energy can be neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transferred and transformed; the energy of the universe is constant
first law of thermodynamics
90
every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe; with each chemical reaction, some energy is lost in a form that is unusable, such as heat energy.
the second law of thermodynamics
91
describe how energy releases through ATP hydrolysis
a phosphate group is removed so energy is released
ATP+H20 -> ADP + Pi+ free energy
92
explain how enzymes functions as molecular catylysts
they speed up reactions by lower the activation rate
93
how enzymes interact with a substrate
the substrate binds to the enzyme on the active site
enzyme are very specific for the reactions they catalyze
94
how does induced fit influence the transition site
induced fit -> enzyme binds tightly to a substrate
makes enzyme and substrate unstable -> transition state
95
discuss the importance of electrons in the transfer of energy in living systems
the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules
96
series of energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction; a chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction
redox reaction
97
muscle contractions, chromosomal division, cilia movement
mechanical work
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pumping substances across membranes
transport work
99
Pushing endergonic reactions forward
chemical work
100
muscle contractions, chromosomal division, cilia movement
mechanical work
101
partial breakdown of sugar without O2
fermentation
102
consumes organic molecules and O2 to produce ATP
aerobic respiration
103
like aerobics but does not use O2
anaerobic respiration
104
turn sugar into energy/ATP
cellular respiration
105
an unstable molecule that will hydrolyze quickly if it is not coupled with an endergonic reaction this energy is lost as heat
ATP
106
a substance loses electrons
oxidation
107
a substance gains electrons
reduction
108
the stage a cell is in the longest. contains G1,G2, and S phase
interphase
109
the cell is growing
G1 phase
110
synthesis phase the DNA duplicates
S phase
111
the cell continues to grow more
G2 phase
112
if tumor invades surrounding tissue
malignant
113
if the cancer detaches from the initial tumor site
metastic
114
if the tumor has no effect on the surrounding tissue (non cancerous)
benign
