Fall semester lab practical

Question 1

Why is a staining step often used when looking at cells under a microscope?

Answer 1

Increases Contrast

Question 2

To find the magnification of an object viewed under the microscope….

Answer 2

Multiply the objective by the ocular

Question 3

In a lab, frogs were raised with or without atrazine (a chemical) in their water. The percentage of frogs with deformities was counted. Is this experiment controlled or comparative? What is the dependent variable?

Answer 3

controlled and the dependent variable id the % of frogs with deformities

Question 4

What is a controlled experiment?

Answer 4

lab with variables such as independent, dependent, and standardized variables.

Question 5

In addition to the four major macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipid, protein, nucleic acids), what are the other nutritional requirements of our bodies?

Answer 5

Vitamins and Minerals

Question 6

Indicators test for what?

Answer 6

Sugars, fats, and proteins

Question 7

Stains combine with what to increase contrast of cells under the microscope?

Answer 7

Low power and the stage all the way up

Question 8

To find the magnification of an object viewed under a microscope….

Answer 8

Multiply the objective by the ocular

Question 9

If I use the 10x eyepiece and the 10x objective, what is the magnification?

Answer 9

100 diameters

Question 10

In active transport, substances move from a _____ concentration to a _____ concentration.

Answer 10

Lower, Higher

Question 11

In osmosis, water moves from a _____ concentration to a _____ concentration.

Answer 11

Higher, Lower

Question 12

How do we obtain the major macromolecules that our bodies need?

Answer 12

Common foods

Question 13

Which macromolecule is found in all cells?

Answer 13

Nucleic Acids

Question 14

Sudan III is an indicator for?

Answer 14

Fat

Question 15

Starch had the most potential energy of the carbohydrates tested in in the yeast metabolism lab. What is the best explanation for why it should not produce the most gas?

Answer 15

Yeast lacks the enzymes to break down starch into glucose

Question 16

What organism is used in the metabolism lab>

Answer 16

Yeast

Question 17

In an isotonic solution…

Answer 17

The cell volume stays the same

Question 18

In active transport, substances move from a _____ concentration to a _____ concentration.

Answer 18

Lower to Higher

Question 19

When a cell lyses it is

Answer 19

Swelling and pops

Question 20

Cellulose has much potential energy but not for humans. Why can’t humans get at the stored energy in cellulose?

Answer 20

Lack the enzymes to break it down

Question 21

What product of the yeast and carbohydrate reaction was actually measured in the metabolism lab?

Answer 21

Carbon dioxide

Question 22

Starch had the most potential energy of the carbohydrates tested in in the yeast metabolism lab. What is the best explanation for why it should not produce the most gas?

Answer 22

Yeast lacks the enzymes to break down starch into glucose

Question 23

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 23

Tails

Question 24

Phospholipids three parts

Answer 24

Phosphate group, 2 fatty acid tails, glycerol head

Question 25

During the enzyme standardization section, you wanted a line that gave a linear absorbance change from 0 to 1 in approximately 120 seconds. Why is this important?

Answer 25

Basis for all other experiments raising or lowering enzyme activity rate

Question 26

What is the source of the enzyme peroxidase in lab this week?

Answer 26

Turnip

Question 27

What does hydrophilic mean and what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Answer 27

Hydrophilic is water loving and is the head

Question 28

What does hydrophobic mean? What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 28

Water fearing, tails or fatty acid group.

Question 29

The 2 treatments in the membrane lab are...

Answer 29

temperature and organic solvents

Question 30

When we use the spectrophotometer, we zero the machine using a blank. Explain why we do this.

Answer 30

This eliminates absorption due to any source other than the experimental conditions.

Question 31

The enzyme we studied turns hydrogen peroxide into...

Answer 31

Water and Oxygen

Question 32

Give the equation to calculate enzyme activity rate using the following terms: number of seconds, final absorbance reading, initial absorbance reading

Answer 32

final absorbance reading - initial absorbance reading / number of seconds

Question 33

Guaicol turns brown in our reaction tubes due to the presence of...

Answer 33

Oxygen

Question 34

Leaf disks produce and consume oxygen gas. What process makes oxygen gas?

Answer 34

Photosynthesis only

Question 35

When a plant is exposed to light, what reactions are going on in the cell?

Answer 35

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Question 36

We will modified the pH in one of the enzyme experiments. Why or How does pH affect the function of an enzyme?

Answer 36

pH affects the peptide bonds/ change in shape changes activity

Question 37

What does optimal pH give

Answer 37

the highest enzyme activity

Question 38

We increased substrate concentrations in one enzyme experiment. Why did we not expect to see an increase in enzyme activity for every additional increase in substrate concentration?

Answer 38

Only so much enzyme- once that's working at full capacity it can't use any more

Question 39

Why do the leaf disks begin to float in the sodium bicarbonate solution after infiltrating them?

Answer 39

Begin to photosynthesize and make oxygen gas - makes them lighter

Question 40

ou calculated the mean and standard deviation for your leaf floating times. What is the relationship between the variance and the standard deviation?

Answer 40

SD is the square root of the variance

Question 41

Why do leaf disks float in the solution containing sodium bicarbonate but not in the solution without sodium bicarbonate?

Answer 41

Bicarbonate is the carbon source - without it no photosynthesis, no oxygen, no floating

Question 42

Stage of meiosis I in which the chromatin begins to condense following interphase.

Answer 42

Early Prophase I

Question 43

Stage of Meiosis II in which the centromeres of the paired chromatids line up at the equatorial plates of each cell.

Answer 43

Metaphase II

Question 44

Stage of mitosis in which the paired sister chromatids separate, and the new daughter chromosomes begin to move toward the poles.

Answer 44

Anaphase

Question 45

Stage of Meiosis II in which the centromeres of the paired chromatids line up at the equatorial plates of each cell.

Answer 45

Metaphase II

Question 46

Stage of Meiosis I in which synapsis aligns homologs, and chromosomes condense further.

Answer 46

Mid-Prophase I

Question 47

Complementary base pairing in DNA pairs cytosine (C) with...

Answer 47

Guanine (G)

Question 48

A mutation in the DNA occurs that changes the DNA sequence. However, the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein does NOT change. How would this happen? Be specific.

Answer 48

mutations can cause changes that result in no change to the protein or no change in its function

Question 49

Gustation is the sense of...

Answer 49

Taste

Question 50

True or False Papillae are visible to the naked eye?

Answer 50

True

Question 51

What does Adenine ( A) pair with in DNA

Answer 51

Thymine

Question 52

A mutation in the DNA occurs that changes the DNA sequence. However, the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein does NOT change. How would this happen? Be specific.

Answer 52

mutations can cause changes that result in no change to the protein or no change in its function

Question 53

Transcriptions is?

Answer 53

Making mRNA