fallacies Flashcards
An argument based on an unqualified generalization.
• Dicto-Simpliciter
“‘Everybody understands that the values in New York City are socially liberal and pro-abortion and progay marriage,’ he said. ‘And focus on money and the media.’”
• Dicto-Simpliciter
Normally involves mistaking a small incidence for a larger trend. - Generalization that is reached too hastily with too few instances to support a certain conclusion.
• Hasty-Generalization
On the first day of high school, Mark runs into a cheerleader who calls him a name and tells him to move out of her way. Mark decides all cheerleaders are snobs
• Hasty-Generalization
o Shortened version of“post hoc ergo propter hoc”,which translates as“after this, therefore because of this”.
• Post-Hoc
Kevin’s dog scratched his leg, and that night he had a fever. Kevin concluded that his dog must have infected him with something
• Post-Hoc
o Involve an argument that draws a conclusion from inconsistent or incompatible premises.
• Contradictory Premises
o There can be no argument when the premises contradict each other
• Contradictory Premises
Appeal to someone’s sympathy or pity to avoid the question.
• AdMisericordiam
I really deserve an “A” on this paper, professor. Not only did I study during my grandmother’s funeral, but I also passed up the heart transplant surgery, even though that was the first matching donor in 3 years.
• AdMisericordiam
o Offering a poorly supported claim about what might have happened in the past or future, if (the hypothetical part) circumstances or conditions were different.
• Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
o The fallacy also entails treating future hypothetical situations as if they are fact.
• Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
o occurs when negative information that is irrelevant is presented ahead of time to discredit the argument.
• Poisoning the Well
o To commit a preemptive ad hominem attack against an opponent
• Poisoning the Well
when a comparison is made between two ideas or objects that seemingly have similar characteristics, but the comparison does not hold up. The characteristics of the two things actually differ in the area that is being compared
• False Analogy-
