families Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
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Murdock (1949)- the universal nuclear family ?argued that there are four main functions of the family:
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2
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-sexual
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-reproductive
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4
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-socialisation/ education
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-economic
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6
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nuclear family is important as it is universal
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7
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Parsons (1951) ?the family has to irreducible functions:
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8
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-primary socialisation- the process by which children learn and accept the norms and values of society
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9
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-stabilisation of adult personalities- the emotional relationship within a family gives the support and security needed for wider society
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10
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Popenoe (1996) ?- implies that children in alternative families are more likely to be damaged by their early childhood experiences
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11
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- women are better suited to a nurturing role due to biological differences
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12
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Zaretsky (1976)- family supporting capitalist system ?argues that the family supports the capitalist system in two ways:
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13
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- women reproduce and bring up children
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14
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- family acts as a unit of consumption
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15
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Hoschild (2003)- the commercialisation of intimate life ?- ‘commercialisation of intimate life’- services within family provided for money rather than love
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16
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- others paid to do our domestic work
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17
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Somerville (2000) changing female choices ?- liberal feminist
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- believes that working hours are incompatible with family life
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- highlights legal changes such as Equal Pay Act (1970)
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Delphy and Leonard (1992)- female exploitation in the family ?- radical feminists
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- women exploited in family economic system
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22
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- time at home for men was leisure time
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whereas time at home for women also worked time
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Giddens (1992)- confluent love ?couples today seek a pure relationship based on love and respect. individuals
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24
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Giddens (1992)- transformation of intimacy ?individuals no longer seek romantic love associated with traditional marriage
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based on the idea of lifelong commitment to a partner
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Beck & Beck-Gernsheim (1995)- individualisation ?individuals are no longer bound by traditional social norms and loyalty to families and instead seek a relationships that fulfil their needs as individuals
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Spencer (2005)- lone-parent families ?adverse effects of lone parenthood on health
education
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Grant (2006)- step-fathers ?most reconstituted families have a stepfather as opposed to a stepmother
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Klienberg (2013)- living alone ?number of people living alone has increased due to:
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- individuals being more focused on their own needs rather than on their role in larger social structures such as families
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- individuals achieving the pleasures of a social life when living alone through technologies such as social media
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- because people are living longer
it is likely they will be divorced or widowed in old age
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Beaujouan and Bhrolchain (2011)- trends in cohabitation ?- cohabitation before marriage has become the norm
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- couples now tend to live together longer before getting married
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Hall et al (1999)- singlehood ?many single people found freedom in being solo and chose to concentrate on their careers rather than establishing a long-term relationship
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Langford (1999)- women and relationships ?found many women still fear being alone and report wanting to be wanted for themselves. argued love ends up concealing the way in which men exercise power and control women in many relationships
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Heath (2004)- the rise of the kippers ?'kippers' (kids in parents' pockets)- young people who continue to live with their parents after they have completed education
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Parsons (1955)- nuclear family ?modern family has become isolated from extended family
meaning there is less pressure for a couple to stay together and greater demands are places on the couple's relationship
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Fletcher (1966)- linking divorce and marriage expectations ?higher divorce rates linked to a higher value being placed on marriage as couples expect a relationship based on love and mutual support rather than one based on the economic and practical reasons that kept couples together in more traditional family systems
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Chambers (2012)- stigmatisation of divorce
cohabitation and lone-parenthood ?highlights evidence to suggest divorce
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Duncombe and Marsden (1995)- triple shift ?women perform a 'triple shift' in marriage- paid work
domestic work and emotional work
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Allan & Crowe (2001)- changing role of women ?changing position of women in society has been one of the main factors influencing a rise in divorce rates as women now have financial resources to economically support themselves
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Jones (2011)- the role of grandparents ?suggests grandparents can be seen as part of the 'reserve army of labour' (a term used by Marxists to describe a group of workers who replace paid workers when there is a shortage of labour). grandparents also make financial contributions to the family
e.g. passing on their assets when they die
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Brannen (2003)- beanpole families ?we are witnessing the emergence of 'beanpole families'- extended families of three or more generations. members may not live in the same households but may live close together and see one another regularly
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Gillies (2005)- class differences in the family ?found significant class differences in parenting:
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- middle-class parents used a range of resources to support their children (e.g. in education)
whereas working-class parents tended to help their children develop strategies to help cope with poverty (e.g. emotional strength)
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- middle-class parents emphasised their children's individuality
whereas working-class parents didn't wish their children to be special
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- middle-class parents felt confident in dealing with teachers and could draw on a range of specialists (e.g. doctors) when there was concern about their child. however
working-class parents were reluctant to have their children clinically diagnosed
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Berthoud (2001)- tradition in Asian families ?suggests that South Asians remain traditional with couples more likely to marry and to marry earlier and less likely to cohabit
divorce or live alone
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Berthoud and Beishon (1997)- African Caribbean families ?found much lower rates of formal marriage among British African-Caribbeans and higher rates of divorce and separation
meaning lone-parent families are more common among African-Caribbean groups
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Weeks et al (1999)- same sex families as 'chosen families' ?many gay and lesbian people describe their households as chosen families because they are able to choose who to include in their families and negotiate much more egalitarian (equal) relationships
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Dennis and Erdos (2000)- problems of families without fathers ?argues that children raised by single mothers on average have lower educational attainment and poorer health
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Finch (2007)- family display ?'display' is the process by which individuals
and groups of individuals
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Bauman (2003)- weakening of family bonds ?argues that contemporary family bonds have weakened and there is a lack of certainty about roles and responsibilities in families
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Chester (1985)- the neo-conventional family ?argued that families that did not fit in the nuclear model were a minority
suggesting those who are not strictly nuclear families are based on nuclear families (neo-conventional families). e.g. parents may be cohabiting rather than marrying.
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Gittins (1993)- the ideology of the nuclear family ?argues that the consensus of the nuclear family is only maintained because there is a powerful ideology of the nuclear family that's based on value judgements
labelling alternative family forms as undesirable
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Parsons(1995)- divisions or roles in the family ?division of roles between men and women in families is necessary as it ensures that each partner specialises in the role they are most suited to; women (expressive) and men (instrumental)
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Young and Willmott (1973)- the symmetrical family ?characteristics if symmetrical family:
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- conjugal roles are joint: both paid and unpaid domestic tasks are shared by both partners
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- the family is nuclear: focus of the family is on the relationship between husband
wife and children
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- the family is privatised: husbands and wives spend more time in the privacy of the home together
being more involved in domestic lives and shared responsibilities
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Stanko (2000)- domestic violence ?- 1 in 4 women and 1 in 7 men report a physical assault by a partner during their lifetime
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- the form of violence is largely male offenders against female victims
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Oakley (1974)- negative role od housewife ?dissatisfaction with housework predominated with 70% of the women interviewed came out as 'dissatisfied'. most of the women who are dissatisfied with housework report a low level of social interaction with others
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Hakim (2010)- women and domestic labour ?argued that on average
women and men across Europe do the same total number of productive work hours; men do substantially more hours of paid work whereas women's time is divided more evenly between paid and unpaid work
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Hardhill et al (1997)- decision making in the family ?found that in most couples
the man's career came first and the men also tended to make major decisions in the family
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Furedi (2001)- paranoid parenting ?argued that a 'culture of fear' pervades parenting today due to parents perceiving their children as vulnerable to threats
such as strangers. biggest cause of paranoid parenting is the media
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Palmer (2006)- toxic childhood ?argues that a toxic mix of technological and cultural changes are having a negative impact on the development of a growing number of children (e.g. the decline of outdoor play and the increase in screen saturation)
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Postman (1983)- disappearance of childhood ?argues that the division between childhood and adulthood is beginning to disappear due to communications technology. in a contemporary society
technologies
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Howard ?Young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy
vitamins and minerals
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Pilcher (1995) ?Separateness creates the westernised view of childhood.
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Dobash and Dobash (1979) ?Violent incidents can be triggered by what the man views to be a challenge to his authority
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Wagg ?Childhood is socially constructed
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McKeown ?Improved nutrition and living standards are the main causes of death decrease
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Townsend ?Elderly dependent on the state
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Donzelot: policing the family ?-He takes of Foucault's view on surveillance
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-Professionals surveil the family
social workers
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-Poor families are watched more because they are seen as problems
they want to improve them
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The Griffiths Report (1988) ?It is difficult for society to meet the needs of an ageing population.
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Blaikie (1999) ?Wrote a book that studied the impact of "positive ageing" and how society will now look forward to a fulfilling retirement
but will not want to talk about the inevitable decline as we all live longer.
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McRobbie and Garber (1976) ?BEDROOM CULTURE where girls experiment with style
gossip and read magazines.
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Resistance and hiding from boys and parents.
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Brannen (1994) ?Study of 15-16 year olds found that Asian parents were more likely than other parents to be strict towards their daughters
