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Sociology - Paper 2 > Families > Flashcards

Families Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is a social construct

A

Something that differs between times, places and cultures constructed by the society it’s within

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2
Q

Reasons for marriage rates decreasing

A

Cohabiting increasing
Secularisation
Rise of feminism

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3
Q

Reasons for divorce rates increasing

A

Less social stigma
Secularisation
Laws

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4
Q

Reasons for the number of children decreasing

A

Gender roles changing
Costs
More common to have them later

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5
Q

Laws which may have changed divorce rates

A

Divorce Reform Act (1969)

Equal Pay Act (1970)

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6
Q

What was the divorce reform act

A

divorces could be carried out due to ‘irretrievable breakdown’ and no longer had to have proof of adultery etc

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7
Q

What are the types of families

A 
Nuclear
Extended
Beanpole
Lone-parent
Reconstituted
Same-sex
Singleton
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8
Q

What percent of UK families are nuclear

A

25%

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9
Q

What did Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) say

A

Nuclear family is not the norm
There is increasing diversity of family structure

(1989)
- this is a European trend
- types of diversity causing it:
organisation, social class, cultural, generational (pluralistic)

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10
Q

Who said that extended families are “all but extinct” in modern Britain

A

Charles (2008)

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11
Q

What did Branden (2003) say about extended families

A

Due to our ageing population, many families support elderly relatives or grandparents support them in childcare - rise of beanpole families

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12
Q

What percentage of lone-parent families are headed by women

A

90%

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13
Q

What did Cashmore (1985) say about lone-parent families

A

One good parent is better than 2 bad ones

Single mothers choose to live on benefits

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14
Q

What are the negatives of single-parent families

A

Socialisation can be stunted without a role model for boys

Mclananhan + Booth - higher rate of underachieving children

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15
Q

What is secularisation

A

Religion becoming less important, church lost power

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16
Q

What is liberalisation

A

People are less ‘traditional’

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17
Q

How many households contain only one person and how many of these are over 65

A

3 in 10

40%

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18
Q

Who said that increased social acceptance may explain trends toward same-sex that resemble those found among heterosexual couples

A

Weeks (1999)

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19
Q

Birth rate change from 1900 to 2016

A

1900 - 28.7

2016 - 11.8 (per thousand)

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20
Q

Death rate change from 1900 to 2016

A

1900 - 19

2016 - 9.1 (per thousand)

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21
Q

Life expectancy change from 1900 to 2016

A

1900:
Male - 50
Female - 57

2016:
Male - 90
Female - 94

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22
Q

What is the nanny state

A

The government taking control the population with laws etc

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23
Q

Reasons for the ageing population (decreasing birth rate)

A

Contraception
Abortion
Low infant mortality
Women working (feminism)

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24
Q

Reasons for ageing population (decreasing death rate)

A 
NHS
Advanced technology
Government policies
Welfare state
Improved nutrition
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25
When was contraception introduced
1961
26
When was the abortion act
1968
27
When was the NHS introduced
1948
28
Name 2 government policies that may affect ageing population
Sugar tax | Universal credit
29
What is universal credit and views on it
Working class get benefits for 2 children, anymore and they don’t get extra money for them. - this controls how many children they can have + reduces dependency culture
30
Impact of the ageing population
- increases dependency ratio - puts strain on NHS + more free childcare + more volunteers
31
Immigration (coming in) change from 1991 to 2008
1991 - 320,000 | 2008 - 540,000
32
Emigration (leaving) change from 1991 to 2008
1991 - 210,000 | 2008 - 420,000
33
Impact of immigration
Lowers average age (younger and produce more babies) | Lowers dependency ratio (working age)
34
Why do black families have higher rates of single parents
Mizra | - Black women place higher value on independence and so marriage doesn’t suit them
35
What did vertove (2007) say about globalisation
There is a wide range of cultures, religions and countries in the UK to create ‘super diversity’
36
What was Murdocks view of the family
``` Families have 4 functions: REES Reproduction Educational Economic Sexual ``` He saw the nuclear family as ideal: male - instrumental role female - expressive role
37
What is the instrumental role
The breadwinner (traditionally male)
38
What is the expressive role
The nurturer and carer (traditionally female)
39
Criticisms of murdocks view
- many single-parent/same-sex families are happy and successful - serves capitalism (Marxism) - benefits men more than women (feminism)
40
What was parsons view on the family
Simplified Murdock to 2 main functions of families - primary socialisation - stabilising adult personalities Functional Fit Theory - families play different functions depending on the society they’re in: Nuclear family is ideal for our industrial society. Our industrial society requires - geographical mobile workforce = moving for jobs - socially mobile workforce = younger generations encouraged towards work
41
Criticism of Parsons view
Hareven | - extended families are best for ‘post industrial’ society (eg childcare) nuclear no longer ideal
42
What is the new right view on the family
Decline in nuclear family had led to a broken society: - increase in single parents = no role model, dependency culture leads to crime - increase in mothers working = less nurturing, poor socialisation leads to socially unstable children - increase in divorce = poor example to children
43
What did Murray 1989 say on the family
There is an ‘underclass’ - unemployed, on benefits, single parents
44
Comparison of families that live in poverty
Single mum - 50% | Married - 10%
45
What’s the Marxist view on the family
A nuclear family allows capitalism to flourish and prevents proletariat from rising up... 1. Inheritance of wealth 2. Ideological functions - children are socialised to accept their place in society (trained to be obedient) 3. Units of consumption - families are targets for advertising
46
What’s the post-modern view on the family
Giddens (1999) - individuals have greater freedom/choice when deciding whether to marry, who to marry, or to have kids. ‘Pure relationships’ - couples stay together because of love or happiness - law, religion, society have no impact on relationships
47
Evaluation of post-modern view of family
+ recognised gender role change | - not everyone has a free choice
48
What’s the personal life perspective
Family is beyond blood and marriage as friends, relatives, chosen family and pets often help more than your ‘actual’ family.
49
What did Pilcher (1995) say about children
That they are becoming more educated and protected by laws (eg Child Protection Act 2004)
50
What did Aires (1960) say about childhood
In pre-industrial society, the idea of childhood did not exist. In the industrial society, childhood begins to develop.
51
Reasons for the change in the position of children
The introduction of compulsory schooling Child protection - 1889 Prevention of cruelty to children act - 2004 child protection act - UN convention of on the rights of the child Lower infant mortality/birth rates - more affection onto children as they have less
52
What’s the March of progress view on childhood
Aires and Shorter - children are more valued, better cared for, protected and educated than before Jenks - childhood is changing but not disappearing - children are vulnerable and in need of protection, resulting in even greater surveillance
53
What did Postman(1994) say about childhood
The lines between children and adults is unclear due to media. They have access to violence, sex and dress the same and are disciplined the same.
54
What did Palmer (2007) say about childhood
We have ‘toxic childhood’. | Youth have very high rates of obesity, self harm and drug abuse etc.
55
What are child liberationists
People who want children to have more freedom
56
What is age patriarchy
Children are dominated by men in the same way women are
57
What did Bott (1957) say about the domestic division of labour
Segregated conjugal roles - couples have separate roles in house, leisure time also different Joint conjugal roles - couples share roles in house, leisure is often spent together
58
What did Young and Willmott (1973) say about gender roles
The roles of husbands and wives are becoming more similar. | Men help with housework and childcare
59
What did Oakley (1974) say about gender roles
Symmetrical family is exaggerated - men cherry pick tasks they want.
60
What do feminists say about women working
Hochschild (2013) | - women now have to do domestic labour, emotional work and paid work
61
What is dependency culture
Murray - People relying on benefits instead of trying to get a job

Sociology - Paper 2 (4 decks)

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