Families and households Flashcards

Question

6: Partnerships: Same-sex relationships

Answer 1

Stonewall(2012): 5-7% of adults are homosexual Weeks(1999): there is increased social acceptance of homosexuality causing an increase Weston(1992):'Quasi-marriage' same-sex marriage Einasdottir(2011):Many same-sex relationships are open to legal-recognition (fear of lack of opportunities)

Answer 2

By 2033: 30% of adults will be single: - less marriage, more divorce -partners but not cohabiting: expensive, lack of bond

Answer 3

47% of children are born outside of marriage women are having less children and later, as they have more options than motherhood

Answer 4

25% of children have a lone-parent -> 90% are mothers: as custody is majorly given to the mother, men may be less willing to single-parent Murray: lone-parents are encouraged by the welfare state and benefits

Answer 5

Increase in step-families as there is more divorces and separations More women bring children into new step-families

Answer 6

Black families: higher proportion of lone-parent households, higher unemployment of black males leading to divorce Mirza: shows black women's value of independence Reynolds: statistics are misleading (relationships) Asian families: have larger households, more children, higher value of extended family Ballard: extended family provides assistance with migration

Answer 7

Charles: 3 generations in 1 household is extinct, apart form Bangladeshi communities Willmott: we have dispersed extended family Chamberlain: Extended family is important, helps with children Beanpole family: Brannen family extends vertically through generations, people have less children

Answer 8

Finch + Mason: 90% of people have given or received financial help from relatives or cared for a relative in need Cheal: closeness affects how obliged you are to help the relative Mason: some women have 'legitimate excuses' for not helping relatives despite the expectations Women are always expected to provide help/care despite a man being closer or more available

Answer 9

25% of women experience DV in England + Wales Women are more likely to experience DV, has a social explanation; DV is too widespread to be the work of individuals, DV has patterns and doesn't occur randomly Stats may not be accurate, not all reports are investigated Yearnshire: a women suffers 35 assaults before a report is made Cheal: police view it as a private matter, not their business

Answer 10

men will dominate women in family with violence, DV is a way of maintaining oppression over women, police are male-dominated so justice is hard to get - Ignores female violence (lesbian couples) -Elliot: not all men are violent

Answer 11

2012-2017 DV against men doubled Less likely to report it because of emotional manipulation, isolation, fear of not being believed Materialist explanation: DV is caused by inequalities in income, lower income= more DV Wilkinson's + Pickett: Inequality means less resources + explains why lower classes are more likely to experience DV - Doesn't explain why women are more likely to be a victim of DV

Answer 12

Functionalist, Men and women have different roles within the family biologically Instrumental roles: men, achieving at work to provide for the family Expressive roles: women, socialising the children, being a homemaker and meeting the families emotional needs

Answer 13

March of Progress : symmetrical family Men are beginning to do more domestic tasks at home, society is moving towards equality within family, women now work causing more equality at home Gershury: women in paid work do less domestic work Allen: women's household work are less intrinsically satisfying due to repitition

Answer 14

There are 2 types of household roles 1. Segregated conjugal: couple have separated roles (parson) 2. Joint conjugal: couples share tasks equally (Y+W)

Answer 15

(Ann Oakley):Argues that there has been little change, inequality is still there due to society being male-dominated Young and Willmott overexaggerate: 'men help once a week' that isn't symmetry 15% of husbands highly participate in chores Boulton: less than 20% of men have a major role in childcare

Answer 16

Mothers are around more due to less work, gender pay gap, causing a strong attachment to the mother. Ferri + Smith: Men are responsible of childcare in 4% of households

Answer 17

The division of labour is due to societies norms + values Gershury: Children who's parents are more equal are more likely to be in an equal relationship Dunne: Lesbian couples have a more symmetrical family, no men involved causing inequality

Answer 18

The division of labour is due to the unequal pay that women receive Ramos: When a woman is breadwinner, a man does as much domestic labour as she does Arber + Ginn: Middle-class women can save time on domestic labour, dishwasher

Answer 19

-Men provide wives with an allowance to spend on herself and the children -Both parents equally use the income People assume pooling is more equal however men are still making the important decisions Hardill: A man makes the decisions and his career will take priority

Answer 20

Focuses the meanings couples give to who controls the money which can show inequalities. Smart: Same-sex couples don't attach importance to who controls finances, not viewed as an inequality

Answer 21

1- Barriers of society are reducing 2- Movement across borders 3- difference of Immigrants and Emigrants 4- Movement into a society 5- Movement out of a society

Answer 22

Hybrid-identities Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchical identities, see themselves as Muslim first, then Bangladeshi then British

Answer 23

Causes a lower dependency ratio but it then increases when children are born

Answer 24

Citizens: have full legal rights Denizens: Privileged foreign nationals, welcomed by the state Helots: 'disposable labour'

Answer 25

Super-diversity: unusually high mix of ethnic groups

Answer 26

Most migrants are men due to work, starting a new life for the family, Female migrants fill roles in care services, cleaners, sexual services Ehrenreich + Hochschild: Women migrate and take these roles because men are not willing to do domestic work, UK females have joined the labour force

Answer 27

Mail order brides: A woman who lists herself for a man to select her for marriage Sex trafficking: Illegal transportation from one area to another for sexual exploitation.

Answer 28

Migration due to political reasons Assimilation: process where individuals or groups of different ethnicities are absorbed into the societies dominant culture Shallow diversity: accepting small aspects of a culture (chicken tikka masala) Deep diversity: not accepting deeper aspects (values and clothing)

Answer 29

Total Fertility Rate: women's fertility rate, average children per woman ages 15-44 1964: 2.95/woman 2001: 1.63/woman 2014: 1.83/woman more women are remaining childless or postponing children until 30's Infant Mortality Rate: number of infants who die before their 1st birthday per thousand babies Harper (2012): A fall in IMR led to a TFR fall Current highest IMR is Afghanistan 11.7% IMR has fallen due to sanitation, housing, healthcare

Answer 30

Women: have legal equality, better education, access to contraception, freedom Harper: Women's educational opportunities are the most important reason for TFR, changed mind-set, education of family

Answer 31

19th Century: Children were assets, worked and contributed to the family income Law: ban of child labour, compulsory schooling, economically dependant on parents Changed norm: children now expect more from their parents, cost of raising a child has risen

Answer 32

How long on average people, who are born in a given year, are expected to live It is increasing due to healthcare

Answer 33

Tranter: over 3/4 of the DR decline is due to an increase of medical knowledge, less deaths due to infectious diseases McKeown: Improved nutrition has halved the DR, increases resistance to diseases -> fails to explain why women live longer if the eat less Harper: A reduction in smoking has lowered the DR as well as medical improvements, Obesity is becoming a larger issue

Answer 34

Government have aimed to improve the quality of the environments (clean air acts) - Decline in dangerous manual labour -Lifestyle changes (smoking decline)

Answer 35

Hirsch: the traditional age 'pyramid' is being replaced by less equal size blocks Hunt: Age no longer determines who we are Phillipson Elderly aren't good workers, pensions are determined by work and gender, policies need to change Age Concern: 29% of elderly people reported and experience of ageism

Answer 36

Analysed paintings and made inferences, children were dressed as adults and working, there was no separation between children and adults, no laws for children

Answer 37

'Childhood is dissapearing' -children have the same rights, clothes -Print Media is being replaced by TV Lack of print media has led to high illiterate rates, high exposure on TV to inappropriate things for children

Answer 38

'Childhood is changing' -as we move from modernity to postmodernity, where relationships are often unstable. -Parents wish to protect their children and find stability in the relationship with their child.

Answer 39

Childhood is not universal as different societies have different norms and different childhoods.

Answer 40

In some cultures children -take responsibility at an early age -are less obedient towards adults as they are seem similarly -Children's sexual behaviour is viewed differently

Answer 41

-March of progress: Children are better protected (against abuse or neglect) by laws and educated, better healthcare -Child Liberationists Criticism: Parents need to protect children

Answer 42

-Inequalities: girls perform more housework, stricter rules. boys have freedom and feel safer. Poorer families experience a higher lack of development -Palmer: Toxic childhood. media comparison, led to teenage pregnancies, ED's, self-harm -Age patriarchy: children reject their rules and try to act like adults (drinking/smoking)

Answer 43

Families are now based on peoples expectations, which then lead to less stability as expectations are rarely met, therefore people leave families

Answer 44

More equality between men and women has to marriage and families to now be 'pure relationships' individual choice There is now freedom to leave a marriage or family if your needs are not met

Answer 45

Nuclear family should be the only family type Lone parent families are harmful for children as; They lack role-models, lone mothers cannot discipline their children properly

Answer 46

1. Organisational diversity: differences in how roles are organised 2. Cultural diversity: different groups choose different structures 3. Social class diversity: Income differences impacting the family 4. Life stage diversity: different life stages (newlyweds, retired) 5. Generational diversity: Different generations have different attitudes and expectations

Answer 47

1 child limit, provided with lower taxes Boys were favoured as they could provide and carry on the family name

Answer 48

Low birth rate: Contraception and abortion made illegal, lowered age of consent to 15. Led to overpopulation, poor life quality, abuse Lack of attachment between parent and child

Answer 49

Policies have led to the development of welfare state which helps to support in functioning of families (socialisation)

Answer 50

Murray: The state is providing overly generous welfare benefits which reward people for irresponsible and anti-social behaviour Almond: The nuclear family is undermined by; laws making divorce easy which undermines marriage being a lifelong commitment, Civil partnerships show heterosexual relationships as superior, Tax laws discriminate against families with a sole male bread winner.

Answer 51

Social policy is a form of state control of the family, those with power abuse it

Answer 52

Favours Dual Income family, still favoured heterosexual couples -Parenting order: Fine for child's anti-social behaviour or parenting lessons -Longer maternity leave: longer unpaid leave, allowing better mother-child bonds -Civil partnerships for homosexual couples + adoption rights

Answer 53

Focused on strengthening the nuclear family, reducing welfare payments -Child support agency: Maintenance payments for absent fathers -Children Act: Ensures children are cared for properly -Married men tax allowance: Can shift some income to wife to reduce taxes -Section 28: Ban of homosexual education and promotion

Answer 54

Inconsistent views due to both traditional and modernist views -Shared parental leave: 50 weeks of shared leave between 2 parents -Equal marriage act 2013: legalised same-sex marriage

Answer 55

New Right views -2 child cap on tax credits -Reintroduced married tax allowance

Answer 56

Nazi family policy: -Encouraged relationships of those who were 'racially pure' to breed a 'master race' , restricted access to contraception and abortions - Prevented women from working and forced them to be housekeepers -Sterilised 375,000 disabled people to prevent breeding, could also be sent to concentration camps -Marriage loan of 1000 marks: can be kept if you have 4 children (encouraged reproduction)

Answer 57

Many social policies assume the ideal family is patriarchal nuclear and that the male is the provider whilst the female is the housekeeper - benefits are given to the woman as the state assumes they are the ones who care for the children

Answer 58

Even where social policies appear to support women, they reinforce patriarchal views and control -Maternity leave is 52 weeks as Paternity leave is 2 weeks

Answer 59

Drew: The state supported the nuclear family and assumed men went out to work and women are the housekeepers -Greece: No welfare for families women rely on each other to help with children.

Answer 60

Each partner in the partnership is treated equally and benefits apply to both -Sweden: the state provides childcare -this is becoming more popular in Europe as state policies are becoming increasingly accepting of diversity within the family.

Families and households Flashcards

(93 cards)