Families and households - Demography Flashcards
(47 cards)
What is demography?
Study of population, and changes to population size
What are the four factors that make up the total population size?
Birth/death rate Immigration and emigration
What was the population of the UK in
-1801
-1901
-current
-2031
10.5 million
37 million
67million
71 million
What is natural change?
Result of births and deaths
What is birth rate?
The n.o of live births per thousand of the population per year
What is death rate?
The n.o of deaths per thousand of the population per year
What is total fertility rate?
Average n.o of children women will have during their fertile yrs 15-44
What is infant mortality rate?
N.o of infants who die before their first bday per thousand live births per yr
What is net migration?
Difference between the n.o of immigrants and n.o of emigrants
What is emigration?
Movement out of an area or society
What is immigration?
Movement into an area or society
What is dependancy ratio?
The relationship between the size of the working population and the non working or dependant population
How many live births were there in 2021? (England and Wales)
625,000
What was the total fertility rate per woman in 2021
1.61
How many stillbirths in 2021?
2,600
State when the four baby booms were?
Early 1920s
Late 1940s
Mid 1960s
Early 2010s
Give a reason for a baby boom?
High immigration rates - early 2010s
What are the four reasons for the overall decline in birth rate since 1900?
Changes in the position of women - more legal equality with men/increased educational opportunties/more women in paid employment
Cost of having a child - until late 19th century children were an economic assest to their parents, since then gradually become an economic liability as laws introduced to ban children from workplace, complusory schooling
Contraception - NHS introduced in 1961 but only avaliable for married women, this was relaxed in 1967 - offering regardless of martial status. 2010 - 3.5million women 16-49 accessing it for free. Widely avaliable, become a choice, delay having children/persue other roles
Decline in the infant mortality rate - Harper argues that a fall in the IMR has led to a fall in birth rate. Due to better sanitation, improved medical knowledge, mass immunisation and improved maternity services
What are the 3 impacts of a declining birth rate
The family - smaller families, women more likely to be free to go out to work - dual earner couple
Public services - lower BR consequences on public services e.g fewer schools, child health services, affects cost of maternity and paternity leave
Dependancy ratio - earnings, savings and taxings of the working population must support dependant population (children large part) - reduces burden on dependancy. Longer term - smaller popluation working
What has happened to the death rate since 1900?
It has halved (9 per 1000)
What has happened to the number of deaths?
Stayed the same
What is the average life expectancy for a women and men?
Men - 77
Women - 83
Outline and explain 3 reasons why women are expected to live longer than men?
Men are more likely to take part in risk taking behaviour such as crime smoking and drinking
Men do more manual work which also means more risk in the workplace
Men on the frontline - heavy combat and die young
Give 3 medical related reasons why people live longer?
Increase vaccines
Free healthcare
Improvement in medical technology
