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Veterinary Virology > Families: Arteriviridae & Roniviridae > Flashcards

Families: Arteriviridae & Roniviridae Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What is the morphology of Arterivirdae’s virion? What is its genome like?

A

spherical, with a smooth surface envelop and a ring-like structure

ssRNA positive sense

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2
Q

Where does Arterivirdae replicate? How does the virion form?

A

cytoplasm

buds into the rER and is released by exocytosis

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3
Q

What are 4 common Arteriviridae viruses that cause significant disease?

A
  1. equine arteritis virus (EAV)
  2. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
  3. lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice breeding colonies
  4. simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)
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4
Q

What are the tropisms of equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)?

A
  • macrophages (monocytes)
  • respiratory and reproductive tracts
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5
Q

Arteriviridae replication cycle:

A
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6
Q

What order, family, and genus does equine arteritis virus (EAV) belong to?

A

Nidrovirales
Arteriviridae
Arterivirus

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7
Q

What species does equine arteritis virus (EAV) affect?

A

horses, donkeys, zebras, ponies (no outbreaks in mules reported)
- isolates vary in virulence
- only one serotype
- 10-70% infected stallions become carriers

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8
Q

What is the prevalence of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in horse breeds? What likely causes this?

A

Standardbreds > Thoroughbreds > Warmbloods > Quarterhorses

management practices

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9
Q

What are the 3 modes of transmission of equine arteritis virus (EAV)?

A
  1. RESPIRATORY - common where horses gather, like racetracks, sales, and shows
  2. VENEREAL - acutely infected mares and acutely/chronically infected stallions, typically via natural service and artificial insemination
  3. IN UTERO - fomites (equipment), mechanical (humans, other animals)
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10
Q

How does freezing infecting semen affect equine arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

no effect - semen remains infectious

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11
Q

What 4 things were observed in experimental infections of equine arteritis virus (EAV)?

A
  1. fever
  2. depression
  3. serous ocular and nasal discharge
  4. pregnant donkeys did not abort
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12
Q

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) transmission:

A
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13
Q

When are asymptomatic infections most commonly observed in equine arteritis virus (EAV)? Severe infections?

A

mares bred to long-term carriers

foals with respiratory signs and enteritis

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14
Q

What disease is seen in adults, pregnant mares, and stallions infected with equine arteritis virus (EAV)?

A

fever, depression, anorexia, edema

abortion, stillbirth

decreased fertility (acute), reduced sperm quality caused by increased scrotal temperature and edema, decreased libido

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15
Q

What are common postmortem lesions associated with equine arteritis virus (EAV) in acute cases, foals, and aborting mares?

A

edema, congestion, hemorrhages, fluid accumulation in body cavities

pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia, splenic infarcts, enteritis

endometrial hemorrhages, autolyzed fetus

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16
Q

What is the pathology of equine viral arteritis?

A
  • EAV infection (respiratory, venereal, in utero)
  • EAV in macrophages 24 hours PI
  • EAV in satellite lymph nodes 48 hours PI
  • EAV in endothelium and circulating monocytes 3 days PI
  • systemic distribution of EAV and male carrier state
  • EAV in blood vessel endothelium and medial myocytes 6-8 days PI
  • severe damage to blood vessels 10 days PI and abortion of infected newborn
  • EAV in renal tubular epithelium and shedding in urine 10-21 days PI
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17
Q

How can laboratory diagnosis of equine arteritis virus (EAV) occur?

A
  • virus isolation from semen from a carrier stallion on rabbit kidney cells
  • nucleic acid (RNA) detection in rtPCR
  • antigen detection via IHC and histopathology
  • serology: virus neutralization, complement fixation, agar gel immunodiffusion, indirect fluorescent antibody, fluorescent microsphere immunoassay, ELISA
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18
Q

How can carrier stallions be detected?

Study These Flashcards
A

breeding to 2 seronegative mares

19
Q

What are 9 differential diagnoses for equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection?

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A
  1. equine influenza
  2. equine infectious anemia
  3. African horse sickness
  4. Hendra virus
  5. equine rhinitis A and B viruses
  6. equine adenoviruses
  7. equine herpesviruses 1 and 4
  8. purpura hemorrhagica
  9. Berteroa incana (hoary alyssum) poisoning
20
Q

How is equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection controlled?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • modified live vaccine for breeding mares
  • identification of persistently infected stallions
  • no breeding of anti-EAV antibody positive mares
21
Q

What 2 requirements should horses pass to be proven equine arteritis virus (EAV) negative and able to export?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. horses should be seronegative
  2. semen should be negative for virus isolation and rtPCR
22
Q

What are the 2 major porcine reproductive and respiratory syndome virus (PRRSV) genotypes?

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A
  1. European prototypes - EU-type I (Lelystad virus)
  2. North American prototypes - NA-type II (VR-2332); ENDEMIC
23
Q

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is constantly changing into different quasispecies. What do the European and North American strains share? What do they lack?

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A
  • 55-70% nucleotide identity at the genome level
  • 50-80% amino acid similarity
  • cross protection - immunity produced by one strain does not protect against the other

(LV and VR-2332)

24
Q

In what 6 ways is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) transmitted?

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A

HORIZONTAL:
1. respiratory
2. fecal-oral
3. direct contact

VERTICAL:
4. trans-placental
5. semen (venereal)
6. artificial insemination

(spread every possible way)

25
Genome structure and organization of PRRSV:
- leader (ORF) - RNA polymerase (1a, 1b) - structural genes 7 strands of RNA
26
What are the primary target cells for replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)?
porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM)
27
What 5 characteristics make the spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) very easy?
1. immunosuppressive 2. PRSSV survives a long time in the cold and we conditions 3. highly infectious - small amount is enough to infect entire herd 4. persistent infection up to 200 days in some pig shedders 5. easily mutated, making vaccine preparation hard
28
Why is it hard to tell between infected and vaccinated individuals with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)?
difficult to differentiate - requires DIVA tests
29
What are 4 respiratory presentations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection?
1. interstitial pneumonia with tan discoloration and mottling with a rubbery texture 2. enlarged lymph nodes 3. destruction of alveolar macrophages 4. thumping - shallow and rapid breathing indicative of pneumonia
30
What are 5 reproductive presentations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)?
1. abortion 2. stillbirth 3. mummification 4. virus shed in semen 5. impacts on semen quality
31
What presentation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is common in the European prototype?
(EU type I - LV) blue ear - edema and cyanosis
32
How can porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection be diagnosed?
- fluorescent antibody examination of frozen tissue - PCR, especially in fetal materials from abortion - restriction fragment length polymorphism - virus isolation - viral genome sequencing - IHC - ELISA - immunoenzymatic staining assay: indirect immunofluoresence - viral infection neutralization test
33
What is the purpose of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine?
decrease titer and duration of viremia/viral shedding - modified live vaccine not safe for naive pregnant females
34
What are 4 management control measures that can prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection?
1. biosecurity (all-in-all-out) 2. reduce concurrent infection 3. replacement of gilts 4. checking AI semen used
35
When was simian hemorrhagic fever virus first noticed? What are 7 clinical signs?
macaques imported from India in 1964 1. fever 2. facial edema 3. anorexia 4. dehydration 5. skin petechiae 6. diarrhea 7. hemorrhage
36
How is simian hemorrhagic fever virus transmitted? What are the 2 target cells?
blood-to-blood transmission with 100% mortality within 5-25 days 1. macrophages 2. dendritic cells
37
What species can Toroviruses affect? What shape does it take?
equids, bovines, humans, swine torus = circular convex molding (doughnut) - capsid may be bent into an open torus, coferring a biconcave disk/kidney shape or may be straight, resulting in a rod-shaped particle
38
Torovirus (ToV) vs. Coronavirus (CoV):
39
What are 4 common Toroviruses?
1. bovine torovirus Breda I 2. equine torovirus strain Berne 3. human torovirus 4. porcine torovirus Merkelo
40
In what animals is porcine torovirus (PToV) most commonly found in? What was used to detect it? What else can be used?
piglets with diarrhea immunoelectron microscopy - neutralization assays - indirect ELISA - PCR****
41
What is the shape of Roniviridae virions?
enveleoped baciliform particles with a helical nucleocapsid composed of the nucelocapsid protein (p20) surrounded by a lipid envelop containing two transmembrane glycoproteins (gp64, gp116)
42
What is the genome of Roniviridae like? Where does it replicate?
non-segmented, positive-sense ssRNA with 5-6 long open reading frames cytoplasm with nucleocapsids budding at the membrane of the rER and Golgi
43
Where is the primary Roniviridae of veterinary importance and its 2 genotypes? What does it typically infect? What are the primary natural hosts?
Okavirus - gill-associated virus, yellow-head virus crustaceans - giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
44
How does gill-associated virus (GAV) typically affect shrimp?
chronic infection in healthy brood stock and farmed black tiger prawns

Veterinary Virology (25 decks)

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