Families in Canada Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of the family?
A
A combination of 2 or more people who are bound together over time by ties of mutual consent, birth, and or adoption/placement.
2
Q
What are the six functions of the families
A
- physical maintenance and care of group members
- addition of new members through procreation and adoption
- socialization of children
- social control of members
- Production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services
- affective nurturance -love
3
Q
What is a nuclear family?
A
traditional family consisting of wife, husband and children
4
Q
What is an extended family?
A
multiple generations live together or are close, such as grandparents, aunts, cousins, uncles
5
Q
What is a childless family?
A
A couple choose not to have children or are unable to have children
6
Q
What is a blended family?
A
a union where, in addition to one or both parents bringing children to the situation (stepfamily), the new couple have had at least one child together
7
Q
What is a single parent?
A
one parent with children
8
Q
What is a adoptive family?
A
A family where the parents have adopted a child who is not biologically related to them
9
Q
What is a same-sex family?
A
The couple is the same sex
10
Q
What is the social science research process?
A
- Formulate a research question
- Form an hypothesis
- Conduct research
- Draw a conclusion
- Evaluate the conclusion
11
Q
What are the quantitative social science research methods?
A
- Experiments - the experimenter manipulates an independent variable to observe the effects
- Surveys - the researcher asks a sample group questions and records their answers
- Content Analysis - the researcher asks a sample group questions and records their answers
- Secondary analysis - the researcher analyzes data that has been gathered for another person in order to gather evidence for his or her own investigation
12
Q
What are the qualitative social science research methods?
A
- Observations - the researcher watches and records the subject’s behaviours
- Participant Observation - the researcher is a participant in the group, and the subjects are aware that they are being observed
- Interviews - the researcher asks the subject to describe and explain his or her behaviour
13
Q
What is the role of men and women in hunter-gather families?
A
- Men worked full-time to hunt for food, hunters and toolmakers, leave the family to hunt larger animals
- Women worked to find food, responsible for nurturing kids, learned how to use plants as medicine, responsible for gathering fruits and nuts
14
Q
What is the role of men and women in a agricultural family?
A
- Men established a patriarchy, men had the authority and decisions of the family
- Women takes care of the children, domestic work such as taking care of the house, cleaning, cooking
15
Q
What is the role of men and women in a pre-industrial family?
A
- Men are the head of the household, involved in public life
- Women are not able to work so they got married, housekeeper and did all the chores, women were property of their husbands, expected to stay at home and out of the public view
16
Q
What is the role of men and women in a urban-industrial family?
A
- Men were the head of the household, main role was to support their family financially, known for being the link between family and society
- Motherhood was the primary and sacred role for women, nurtures who took care of their husbands and children
17
Q
What is the role of men and women in a modern-consumer family?
A
- Men are the head of the household
- Women reach their potential if they have children, meant to have nurturing characteristics that were more suited to the emotional nurturing of children
18
Q
What is the role of men and women in a contemporary family?
A
- Men do more housework and childcare, outdoor chores
- Women have more responsibility over children, indoor chores, working full-time jobs
19
Q
What is the functionalism theory?
A
- More responsibility over children, indoor chores, working full-time jobs
- how structures function within society and how social change can upset the balance in society
- The roles people play are very important and different institutions have different roles
- Assumes societies are stable when institutions function in ways that benefit society and examines the roles people play with institutions
20
Q
What is conflict theory?
A
- A macro theory that examines the role that power plays in society, and how it can be used to have control over others, also micro levels (roles within family)
- Power holds society together and conflicts exist because of inequalities in power among groups
- Society is organized into groups to divide people according to their power
21
Q
What is the feminist theory?
A
- Examines the impact of sex and gender on behaviour
- Human behaviour from the point of view of women and was developed as a reaction to gender bias
- A micro and macro theory that focuses on the experiences of gender
- At the macro level, feminists study the economic systems and social ideologies (beliefs) that give rise to inequality and at the micro level, feminists study communication, attitudes and values of women and men
22
Q
What is exchange theory?
A
- Psychological theory that tries to explain how social factors influence how we interact in our relationships
- States that individuals try to maximize the benefits and minimize the cost to themselves in any role they play
- These costs and benefits are not facts but are based on an individual’s perception to maximize their benefits and lower their costs in relationships
23
Q
What is the life-course approach theory?
A
- describes predictable changes in behaviour as the family progresses through various stages
- describes predictable changes in behaviour as the family progresses through various stages
- Developmental theories are not intended to criticize those who follow a different life pattern or dictate how people should behave; but the theory is limited because it assumes all families are traditional and similar
24
Q
What is symbolic interactionism theory?
A
- Psychological theory that tries to explain how people act based on their perceptions of themselves and others
- Everyone experiences their world in their own way and they give meaning to those experiences
- Behaviour is based on people’s thoughts of themselves and of others
25
What is systems theory?
- Sociological theory that looks at how groups of individuals interact as a system, a set of different parts that work together and influence one another in a relatively stable way over time
- Family systems have a complex organization and the basic principle is that feedback influences people’s actions; feedback is a process by which members learn how to interact to maintain the stability of the system
- Feedback implies give and take where members influence one another in a reciprocal way
26
What do social theorists say about emerging adults?
Period of exploration and exposures to new experiences and ways of thinking contribute to identity development
27
Why are children leaving home later in life?
- Financial concerns
- finishing education first which takes longer
28
What is the failure to launch relating to boomerang children?
Suggests that the delay in the transition to adulthood is affecting adult children, parents and society. Accurately describe a generation that moved in and out of their home of origin - independence and transitioning to adulthood is failing
29
What is the baby boomers cohort?
- 1947 to about 1966
- Steve Jobs, Donald Trump
- settling into retirement with many luxuries and comforts based on hard work, technological advancements, rising real estate
30
What is the generation X cohort?
- late 60s to about 1981
- Jennifer Lopez, Adam Sandler
- influenced by political activity during that time
- This cohort is more open to diversity and generally embraces differences
- Called the ‘baby bust’ generation.
31
What is the generation Y cohort?
- 1980s - 1995 also known as the millennials)
- Miley Cyrus, Kim Kardasian
- grew up with technology, very tech savvy, short attention spans, multitaskers, more team-oriented
32
What is the generation Z?
- 1997 or after
- Zendaya, Shawn Mendas
- racially and ethnically diverse group of people, kids of today, passionate about social justice, most educated generation
33
What is the chronological clock?
measured in terms of years from birth to age of majority
34
What is the biological clock?
physical changes that allows us to develop to maturity both physically and sexually
35
What is the psychological clock?
how our brains are developing/understanding the world
36
What is the social clock?
society’s expectations concerning when certain events should occur
37
What is the Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development?
- 8 stages of development that are not based on the biological clock but by psychological and social clocks
- Predictable stages from infancy to adulthood
- Each stage presents a dilemma and a person is challenged by new situations and circumstances in order to transition into the next stage
- Important stages: adolescence - identity vs role confusion & young adulthood - intimacy vs isolation
38
What is socialization?
process where people learn appropriate social role behaviours in order to participate in society including learning values, attitudes and expectations
39
What is anticipatory socialization?
process of behind made aware of the expectations of a new role and participating role behaviour before taking on that new role
40
What is the process of developing an identity?
includes a sense of self, realistic perspective of the world, and control over your life, the sense of self in the adult world is the dream
41
What is marriage?
A socially legitimate sexual union, which begins with a public announcement and with some idea of performance and assumed with a more or less explicit contract.
42
What is the economics of marriage?
- Provides psychical and economic survival benefits for a couple
- Provided distinct roles in the past - often seen as negative gender roles
- in marriage men and women share the responsibilities of the home because of the increasing incidence of dual-income marriages
Many women are no longer financially dependent on their husbands
43
What is consanguinity?
relationship by blood which can mean a marriage between people who are closely related
44
What is limerence?
psychological state of intense, obsessive, and involuntary romantic feelings for another person
45
What was the institution of marriage historically used for?
- First ways humans organized themselves
- Regulated sexual activity - fathers could identify the offspring
- Adults became responsible for nurturing and socializing children
- Did not require love as a consideration for marriage
46
What is Helen Fisher theory on pair bonding?
- A mating relationship between man and women (the pair-bond) is essential for the survival of the human race
- Pair-bonding is a basic biological urge - we flirt, we experience infatuation, we fall in love…
47
What are the advantages of cohabitation?
- easy/affordable way to live
- easy to walk away
- combined tax incentive
- get to live with partner and test it out
48
What are the disadvantages of cohabitation?
- expensive to live on your own if break up happens
- no marriage status
- cultural backlash
- lack of commitment
- who stays/who leaves?
49
What is romantic love?
- A strong feeling of affection and care for another person
- Involve intimacy, passion, and a desire to be close
50
What is the social exchange theory?
- States that attraction is based on what people are really like, rather than on what is ideal
- Explains how individuals are attracted to different people
- Suggests that individuals asses their resources, what they have to offer in a relationship: physical attractiveness, educational, attainment, wealth, social status or specialized interests - and look for the best possible mate who will be attracted by these resources
51
What is the ideal mate theory?
- States that attraction is based on an individual's unconscious image of the ‘ideal mate’
- It is founded on the symbolic interactionist perspective because a person’s image of the ideal mate is formed from their perceptions of the psychical, cultural and socio-economic factors they value
- Our perceptions of what is attractive are formed from both good and bad experiences we have with other people, our family, media personalities
- Supports the concept of love at first sight because everyone has an unconscious ideal of what is attractive and loveable in a mate
52
What is social homogamy?
- Individuals are attracted to people from similar social and cultural backgrounds as they share social, cultural and economic values and lifestyle expectations
- Higher correlation between age, race, ethnic background, religion, socio-economic status, and political views
53
What is murstein's filter theory?
- Suggests that dating enables individuals to sift through potential partners through a filter system - Being in love when you marry is the best indicator of success
- Sternberg found that couples who defined themselves deeply in love had:
Strong sexual desire for each other, enjoyed each other’s company, made the relationship a priority, couples who remember being deeply in love when they married have the happiest marriages, regardless of the dating
54
What is script theory?
- There is a social and cultural script for dating that individuals learn
- Outlines behaviors about date etiquette, who organizes the date …
Expectations for spending time together, exclusivity, the appropriateness of the first kiss, when to hold hands, ‘when to do it’
- Concerned with gender roles traditionally the female has been the gatekeeper about setting limits one's sexual activity
- Current scripts in Canada are concerned with timing of cohabitation as an acceptable step prior to marriage
55
What is arranged marriages?
A couple’s family chooses their spouse. It is usually negotiated by the fathers of each person
56
What is a free-choice marriage?
When a couple chooses to be with their spouse willingly
57
What is monogamy?
The practice of being with one person at a time
58
What is Sternburg's love triangle?
Passion: strong feeling of desire for another, develops the most quickly
Intimacy: intense friendship of intimacy develop more slowly, each individual shares themselves with the other and becomes more willing to meet the others psychological needs
Commitment: the desire to maintain the relationship, grows as the rewards of the relationship becomes more evident
59
What is courtship and the evolution in history?
- In the 20th century courtship evolved into dating
- With the onset of consumer society, young people became able to buy entertainment and dating became a time to get to know each other and have fun
- By the late 50s, western concept of dating meant that it would lead to falling in love and becoming a couple
60
How is dating today?
- ‘Hooking up’ with someone implies more of a sexual relationship as opposed to a courting relationship
- Been a shift from competing for someone’s heart to seeing what the other person has to offer the relationship
- We are now continuum of extremes from arranged marriages to free choice
More common to enlist the help of outside sources to find a potential partner (blind dates, online dating websites
61
What are the stages of marriages?
- Stage 1 - warm, romantic, respectful, sexual attraction, idealization of the partner
- Stage 2 - conflict begins individuals to become more demanding in behaviours
- Stage 3 - negotiation and compromise - relationship becomes more realistic, mature and stable
62
What is polgyny?
The practice of a man having more than one wife
63
What is polyandry?
when a society is so poor, that several men are required to support a wife and children
64
What is monogamy?
the practice of being with one person at a time
65
What is polygamy?
the practice of marrying multiple spouses
66
What is a arranged marriage?
families select the partner for their children - always have a choice and can say no
67
What is a forced marriage?
A person is pressured or expected to marry against their will
68
What are the different gender differences?
- Women generally prefer to address conflict immediately, while men tend to allow conflict to build up until they become angry
- Women tend to expect more in a marriage and men feel pressured to give more
- Male communication is competitive and based on outdoing the opponent, whereas females relate on an equal footing
- Women soften their complaints, whereas men are straightforward
Women viewed challenge as a personal attack
Men complain and women are sympathetic but do not offer solutions,
When women complain and expect sympathy, men respond with a challenge or a solution
69
What is intermarriage?
- Referred to as heterogamy in marriage between 2 people from different social, racial, religious, ethnic, or cultural backgrounds.
- It is the opposite of homogamy
70
What is infidelity?
- Extramarital sexual relationship is considered an unacceptable behaviour in Canadian society, although evolutionary psychologists argue that it is inherent that humans be unfaithful
- Men are more likely to seek out a sexual affair, whereas women are more inclined to seek an emotional affair
- Helen Fisher - early man was motivated to have many partners to increase his chance of offspring; women tended to be more selective of their partners to improve the chance of the man staying to support offspring
71
What is propinquity?
- Psychologist Shirley Glass, suggests that propinquity, or nearness can also lead to infidelity
- She discovered that half of her clients had affairs with people they worked with
- Another theory suggests that infidelity occurs due to unmet needs
These needs are more complex than just sex, but the need to feel young and attractive
72
What is spousal violence?
- 19th century law was that a man had the right to use a stick no thicker than his thumb to chastise his chattel (wife, children, servants)
- Early mid 20th-century - domestic violence was considered a shameful private matter. Police could only lay charges if they actually saw the assault happening
- In Canada, at this time, women who left their husbands to avoid violence were guilty of desertion - lost custody of their children and would not receive any financial support
- Public opinion changed and assault is considered a crime and police can lay charges when evidence of assault is seen
73
What is the cycle of violence?
In violent or abusive relationships, there are three stages in the cycle: the tension building phase, the abusive incident, and a state of calm and penance after the incident. All stages are repeated over and over again
74
What is divorce?
- Legal separation of a couple through the court - Most divorces occur between 5-15 years of marriage
- Mistakes and failures
- Reasons: different values and interests, abuse: psychical and emotional, alcohol and drugs, infidelity, career-related conflict
- Phases of divorce: awareness phase, separation phase, organization phase
75
What is the principle of least interest?
Explains that the person with the least commitment actually has the greatest power, since the person with the greater commitment is more likely to give in to save the relationship/maintain harmony
76
What is the life-course approach?
- Major changes to a couple's relationship can be anticipated- more couples revert back to more traditional gender roles, especially because the mother takes maternity leave to stay at home, so she assumes more of the household duties
- There is a decrease in family income and increased costs due to a baby
- Change in fulfilment, as a job provides people with opportunities to feel competent, so staying at home may have either a negative or positive effect
- Better adjusted couples manage better with the demands of parenthood
77
Canada's fertility rate and significance?
- Collecting data on fertility rate helps the government plan for the future - helps them decide on public policy and social support for families
- Canada’s fertility rate at present is below replacement rate - Canada is not producing enough children to replace our population
- 1.33 births per woman
78
Why do couples become parents?
- Parents are having children for emotional fulfilment not for economic reasons as they have done in the past
- pass on the family name
- family traditions
- share their values or worldview
- fulfill psychological or emotional needs
79
What is infertility?
- Collecting data on fertility rate helps the government plan for the future
- helps them decide on public policy and social support for families
- Canada’s fertility rate is below replacement rate - Canada is not producing enough children to replace our population
80
What is the delays in parenthood?
- Women participating in the workforce: careers first babies are second
- Economics: couples have more control over contraception; assisted human reproduction assists couples who have waited until later in life
- Readiness: couples may wait to have children just in case the marriage doesn't work out
81
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
- disapproving, totalitarian, army style, strict
- Demanding but not responsive
- Impose rules and expect obedience, tends to give orders and enforce their commands with rewards and punishments, without providing any explanation of where the rules came from
- Punish children who disobey, control, uses verbal threats & spanking
82
What is the permissive parenting style?
- indulgent, free ranger, non directive, lenient
- Responsive but not demanding
- Makes few demands and gives little punishment, but they are responsive in the sense that they allow their children to make their own rules
- Trusts rather than monitors
- Acts more like a friend than parent
- Communicates & nurtures child
Effects of parenting style: high self-esteem, voice feelings, trouble keeping friends, low interest in school
Children are dependent, irresponsible, lack self control, immature, experience problems with authority, experience problems in school
83
What is the uninvolved parenting style?
- neglectful, rejecting, dismissing, indifferent, detached, hands off
- Undemanding and unresponsive
- Does not monitor and offers little active support
- In extreme cases, parents reject or neglect the needs of children
Effects of parenting style: low self-esteem, avoid feelings, disrespectful, performs poorly
Children lack self control
84
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
- tough love, emotional coach, assertive democratic, balanced parenting
- Highly demanding and responsive to the needs and opinions of the child
- Sets rules and enforces them, they also explain and discuss the reasons behind the rules
- Assertive, but not intrusive or restrictive
- Guides and shows by example, supports child decisions
85
What are the new parent concerns?
- Accepting a child into the family system
- Individuals must alter the relationship they establish as a couple to allow time and space for the new relationships each will form with their children
- Adjusting to parenthood is role overload
- Lack of couple time they have especially in the first year after the birth of a child
- Lack time for watching TV, sleeping, going to the bathroom, communicating with one another and sexual intimacy
86
What is generativity?
the need to guide the next generation - parenting allows us to do so - to raise children and guide them to become contributing members of society
87
What is attachment theory?
- Enduring emotional bond between infant and caregiver. It is critical in the development of trust. It also lays the foundation for personality development and determines how well a child adjusts later in life
- Erikson emphasized the importance of this relationship in the first stage of life as an infant and developing secure relationships of life an an infant and developing secure relationships where the infant’s needs are met
88
What does it mean for grandparents to raise children?
- Grandparents are often very happy to provide temporary care
- Parents want this help, but not the advice grandparents might offer
89
What are custodial grandparents?
children living with grandparents because their parents are too young, suffer drug/alcohol abuse, divorced, in jail, or dead
90
What is teen pregnancy?
- Pregnancies = the sum of live births, fetal loss and induced abortions
- Most teenage parents are one-parent female headed families. They experience more cohabitations and separations than older mothers
91
What is poverty related to children?
- Children of teenage parents are similar to the profile of children who are raised in poverty
- Several generations in the family may not have completed their own developmental tasks before taking on the challenges of the next stage of development
- Family life-cycle framework explains that this can cause stress and difficulties adjusting
92
What is divorce?
- When a marriage breaks up, one or both parents will assume custody of the children
- Issues around custody and access to children are becoming more complicated
- The focus is now on the perspective of the children when it comes to how their parents share responsibility for their financial, emotional, disciplinary and other needs
93
What is the "dream"?
- Emerging adulthood is the time for accomplishing the traditional markers (leaving home, finishing school, careers, getting married and having children
- Adulthood is the time for living out the dream, the life structure they want for their lives
- Said to be complete by age 34
94
What is egalitarian relationships?
relationships in which men and women share the responsibilities rather than adhere to fixed gender roles
95
What is a negotiation in a marriage?
It is the process of working together to resolve conflicts and reach agreements
96
What is cohabitation?
when an unmarried couple lives together.
