Families In Childhood & Adolescence

Question 1

How do mothers and fathers roles (Lewis 1986)

Answer 1

• mothers are usually main caregivers for babies for example, they change nappies and do bath time more than the men

Question 2

What are the different types of families

Answer 2

• Nuclear Family
• Extended Family
• Reconstituted Family
• Lone Parents
• Adoptive parents

Question 3

Same Sex and different sex parents

Answer 3

• Bos et al (2018) having same sex parents or different sex parents does not cause relationship problems or problem behaviour
• Farr et al (2010) no difference in stress of parents or disciplinary techniques

Question 4

Belsky’s Parenting Model

Answer 4

3 main factors influencing parenting:
- the child’s personality
- context i.e. friendships
- the parents characteristics

Question 5

Parent and Child development

Answer 5

Reinforcement: praise and disiplin
Modelling: Observing others
Environment: Where child grows up
Parenting style

Question 6

Parenting Styles
Maccoby and Martin (1983), Baumrind (1967)

Answer 6

Authoritative: Demanding and Warm
Authoritarian: Demanding and Rejecting
Permissive: Permissive and Warm
Neglecting Rejecting: Rejecting Permissive

Question 7

Cultural differences in parenting styles

Answer 7

(Chao, 1994, 2001)
- high involvement with children, physical closeness

Question 8

Different parenting styles

Answer 8

Steinberg, Lamborn, Dornbusch and Darling (1992)
- Authoritative parenting style means that children have better academic performance
- authoritarian parents means less social children

Question 9

Grandparent Influences

Answer 9

• Average age of being a grandparent is 63, Grandparent for 1/4 of their life - Office of national statistics

Tinsley and Park (1984)
Indirect - how they brought up the parents of the children
Direct - looking after children

Johnson (1983)
- contact drops with grandparents as they age

Question 10

Sibling Influences

Answer 10

Dunn, Brown and Beardsall (1991)
- Birth order affects
- The way other siblings are treated may influence behaviour i.e favouritism

Question 11

Divorce an Step Parenting

Answer 11

Hetherington, Cox and Cox (1982)
- children of divorced parents grew up quicker
- insecure attachment style

Question 12

Divorce: Acute distress syndrome

Answer 12

Protest - really sad, denial
Despair - depressed mood
Detachment - Loss of interest

Question 13

Should Divorce be delayed

Answer 13

Emery (1999)
- divorce causes more psychological damage than a death in the family
- conflict amongst parents
HIGH CONFLICT=
- more behaviour problems
- more adjustment difficulties
(opposite for low conflict)

Question 14

What other factors may influence impact of divorce

Answer 14

• Age of child
• Post divorce arrangement
• Sex of the child

Question 15

Family interventions - Divorce

Answer 15

Working with Parents
- contact issues
- conflict issues
Working with Children
- family work
- group and individual work

Question 16

Teen Parents (Miller et al, 2006)

Answer 16

Teen mums,
- More likely to become divorced
- Unlikely to stay with the dad even a few months after birth
Teen Dads,
- Earn low salary’s
- More likely to engage in criminal behaviour
Both less likely to get an education

Question 17

Teen Parents Attachment (Leadbeater et al., 1996)

Answer 17

• Mothers aren’t fully developed themselves, less able to understand their children.
• mother yells when child cries
• mother laughs when child is angry
• more intolerant
• lead insecure attachment styles
• Teen parents more likely to be depressed

Question 18

Teen parents: knowledge of child’s development

Answer 18

• limited knowledge of child development
• focus on physical rather than mental (Brody & Sigel, 1990)

Question 19

Teen Parents: Assessment Of Risk
(McClure-Martinez and Cohn, 1996)

Answer 19

• Teen mothers less likely than adult mothers to intervene when the child is unsafe.
• child unrestricted in car seat
• infant unrestrained in car seat
• infant ignored in a bath
• infant in crib with railing down

Question 20

Teen Parents: Protective factors

Answer 20

• Majority of teen mothers seek support which helps with their child’s development for example a grandmother
• this then helps the attachment between mother and baby

Question 21

Support from the father

Answer 21

• Overall partner support is positively
  related with maternal psychological
  well-being
• Men try to financially support their partners (Roye and Balk, 1996)

Question 22

Longitudinal Child Outcomes
Lipman et al. (2011)

Answer 22

• Being born to a teen mum has been associated to poorer educational achievements as well as life satisfaction and personal incomes

Question 23

Example questions

Answer 23

What factors does Belsky highlight as important influences on
child outcomes?

Discuss what parents should consider when deciding if to
delay(or not delay) divorce for the sake of their children.

Discuss what support teen parents may benefit from to support
their own and their children’s positive outcomes.