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Sociology > Family key studies > Flashcards

Family key studies Flashcards

1
Q

What are Murdocks functions of the family?

A

primary socialisation, economic ,emotional ,reproduction

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2
Q

what are some criticisms of Murdock?

A

Many children are raised in households that do not contain both sexes
Feminists- families only benefit men
Marxists- meets the needs of capitalism not family

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3
Q

What are Parsons family functions?

A

primary socialisation and stabilization of adult personalities (through the warm bath theory)

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4
Q

What are Parsons sexual divisions of labour?

A

women has an expressive role
men have the instrumental role

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5
Q

What is Parsons functionally fit theory?

A

Pre-industrial = extended family (kinship networks)
Industrialisation = nuclear family (geographically mobile and the development of other structures)

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6
Q

What did Fletcher argue against Parson?

A

Family has not lost its functions
still other family types
still close to these family members even if we don’t live with them
still have kinship bonds

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7
Q

What did Murray say about the family and society?

A

Welfare state undermines personal responsibility, self-help and the importance of support within families
support of lone parent households is negative.
lone parent households = gang crime increase

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8
Q

criticisms of the New right?

A

they exaggerate the decline of the nuclear family
Feminist- traditional gender roles are socially determined not scientific and are oppressive to women
Most single parent households are not welfare scrougers

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9
Q

What did Engels say about the family before capitalism?

A

before capitalism society was classless and practiced a form of ‘primitive communism’ = private property
property was collectively owned
no families but tribal groups existed in a kind of ‘promiscuous horde’

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10
Q

What did Engels say about the family after capitalism?

A

The Emergence of Capitalism- 18th century
Bourgeoisie wanted to pass inheritance onto their children
the monogamous is the best way to ensure that

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11
Q

What are some critiques of Engels?

A

Gender inequality clearly preceded capitalism
outdated- we no longer tend to work in factories and class is far more complicated today

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12
Q

What did Althusser say about families?

A

capitalism can only survive as the working class submit to the ruling class
family is one of the ‘ideological state apparatuses’ (ISA) and ‘Repressive State Apparatus’ (RSA) through socialisation into this ideology the ruling class tried to maintain false class consciousness that sees the nuclear family as fair and beneficial.

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13
Q

What did Zaretsky say about the family

A

the safe haven is an illusion that allows the man to feel in charge at home making them more vulnerable to oppression, alienation and exploitation rather than helping them cope with it

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14
Q

What are some criticisms of Marxism?

A

Too deterministic
ignores family diversity in society
Feminists- ignores gender inequality

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15
Q

What does Oakley say about the family?

A

housework is hard, routine and unrewarding.
Housework is unpaid labour- if they did this outside they would be paid
the dual burden

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16
Q

What do radical feminists think?

A

men are the cause of oppression
patriarchy needs to be overturned
women have a duel burden : work + home
‘dark side of the family’
family is a patriarchal and nuclear family should be abolished

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17
Q

What do liberal feminists think?

A

march of progress= society is more equal for women
men are contributing more
equal pay act/ sex discrimination act- legal protections for women
greater choice over roles

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18
Q

Who is a liberal feminist?

A

Somerville- women’s position is better- but still issues e.g. stereotypes in family- but overall more equal
not representative society
less patriarchal society

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19
Q

What do Marxist Feminists think?

A

oppression of women is due to capitalism
women reproduce the workforce
women are a reserve army of labour

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20
Q

Who is a Marxist Feminist?

A

Ansley- women absorb anger from proletariat men to stop rising up - like Parsons warm bath theory
we need to tackle capitalism to over through patriarchy
BUT women oppressed in all societies

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21
Q

What does the Post-Modernist Giddens think?

A

Choice & Equality
couples can define their own relationship based upon romantic love due to the increase in contraception and independence for women

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22
Q

What does the Post-Modernist Stacy think?

A

Divorce-Extended Family
women are more likely to maintain relationships with ex-in-laws due to access to children- however divorced women are more likely to have fictive extended families to help support them.

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23
Q

What does the Post-Modernist Beck think?

A

Risk Society & the Negotiated Family
more conditions based upon relationships because of uncertainty and need for romantic love rather than financial arrangements

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24
Q

What does the Post-Modernist Weeks think?

A

Growth In Fictive Families
people are beginning to redefine what is meant by family and this can include friends, co-workers and even pets

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25
Q

What do the Post-Modernists the Rapoports think?

A

5 different types of family diversity= CLOGS
therefore even in the nuclear family there is greater diversity between families than first suggested

26
Q

How does Chester evaluate Post-Modernists?

A

1)Neo-conventional family is the most common type. This is essentially the nuclear family redefined and therefore less diversity than thought
2)Due to the life-cycle many people will be part of a nuclear family- single parents and reconstituted families are formed from nuclear families
3) Post-Modernism can be seen as a fragmented approach

27
Q

what did Ann Oakley say about the cereal packet family?

A

conventional families = nuclear families
composed of legally married couples, voluntarily choosing the parenthood of one or more (but not too many) children
adverts use CPF as a stereotypical image that best describes life in Britain

28
Q

What did Leach say about the cereal packet family?

A

recognized the power of the image of the traditional family
cereal packet = socially constructed model laden with assumptions of how families aught to be

29
Q

What did Ballard say about Asian extended families?

A

to understand south-Asian family life in the UK in 1980
you have to look at the ideal model of family life in Asia
it’s patriarchal
based on the control of women
collectivists
(and obsessed with maintaining family honor)

30
Q

What did Mirza say about black single-parent families?

A

reflects the high-value black women place on their independence

31
Q

What did Charles say about social class diversity?

A

found that classic extended families were practically extinct even in the working class, with the exception of ethnic minorities such as south Asian families

32
Q

What did Sue Sharpe investigate and find?

A

interviewed girls about their future and goals
70s- priorities were marriage and babies
90s- girls prioritized university and careers

33
Q

What did Giddens say about the pure relationship?

A

there is a quest for the perfect relationship
could put some off from marriage if they are always imagining a better relationship
relationships are now seen as a way of exploring your identity and prefer serial monogamy

34
Q

What did Levin say about living apart together?

A

a new type of family called living apart together
these are individuals who are in a long-term relationship and define themselves as a couples but live in separate homes
sees this family as an alternative to marriage and cohabitation
not in most cases a stage preceding one or the other as most couples could live together but choose not to
she calls couples in LAT relationships ‘apartners’

35
Q

What do Duncan and Philips say about LATs?

A

found that LATs are increasingly understood and accepted by the wider public

36
Q

what does Haskey say about LATs ?

A

estimated there were exposed to the same expectations as couples that are married or cohabiting

37
Q

how do LATs compare to Giddens’s pure relationship?

A

Levin- argues LATs allow apartners to pursue the intimacy of a couple and maintain their independence
David and Philips- found LATs are exposed to the same expectations as couples that are married or cohabiting

38
Q

What does Murray say about lone parenthood?

A

generous welfare encouraged women to have more children than they can reasonably support
viewed as a major sign of nuc. fam. declining
increase in promiscuous behavior, crime, drug abuse, etc.
effects boys= no dad = gang crime

39
Q

what does the feminist Silva say about lone parenthood?

A

argues that media-fueled public concerns over lone mothers and the welfare state of children are an attempt to force women back into the trad. role of the housewife
sugg. such attacks are patriarchal as they challenge women’s rights to careers, to live independently from men, and raise children on their own.

40
Q

What does Heath say about young people?

A

they describe young people today are less likely to follow a traditional family route compared to other generations

41
Q

What does Weston say about the LGBTQ+?

A

argued that LGBTQ+ people use the term family to describe partnerships, parent-child relationships, and friendships
their social networks crossed household lines and embraced creativity, allowing individuals to define who was important to them and counted as family

42
Q

What did Eileen Drew say about gender regimes?

A

describes countries either use policies to promote or discourage gender equality- 2 types
1) Trad ‘familistic’= e.g. in Greece little state welfare or publicly funded childcare= women rely on ext. kin and trad division of labour
2) more equal ‘individualistic’= e.g. Sweden equal opportunities policies, state provisions of childcare, parental leave etc.
this is declining

43
Q

What is the Functionalist perspective on policies?

A

policies are good for society
Fletcher= intro of health, edu. , and housing policies since the industrial rev. - led to the welfare state- supports family working efficiently e.g. compulsory schooling

44
Q

Evaluate Functionalist perspective on policies

A

Fem + Marx - assume the march of progress
assume family benefits from social policy
overturning roe vs wade

45
Q

What is the New Right perspective on policies ?

A

gov. should favour nuclear fam
cohabitation should be discouraged
taxes + welfare for married couples
should keep fam self reliant
hate welfare state - makes lone-parenthood attractive
Saunders - gov should favour married couples over all other choices for raising children
Murray- benefits are a ‘perverse incentive’ causing a ‘dependency culture’

46
Q

Evaluate the New Right perspective on policies

A

cutting benefits would simply drive many poor families into even greater poverty
nuclear fam= socially constructed not natural
Bernardes = gov should not impose one type of fam - they should support all fam
Fem= poor attempt to get back to the trad nuclear fam- patriarchal

47
Q

What is the Feminist perspective on policies?

A

don’t benefit all members of society
lib fem- e.g. Somerville- society still patriarchal but march of progress- sex discrimination act
Rad Fem- Land- social pol assume ideal is patriarchal nuc fam - this view effects the kind of pol and pushes

48
Q

Evaluate the Feminist perspective on policies

A

Marxist- ignores capitalism
Functionalist- ignores the good the policies do

49
Q

What is the Marxist perspective on policies?

A

serves capitalism
social pol don’t benefit everyone equally
e.g. low levels of pension as evid. that once workers are too old to make profit - they are maintained at a low cost
no march of progress towards wel. pol. producing happier fam e.g thatcher years
Wilson= some pol maintain capitalism e.g. women aloud to work through WW2 = end of war 1450 full time nurseries were closed= women financially dependent on men and weakened their power in the fam

50
Q

What does Donzelot say about policies?

A

purpose of policies to control and spy on families
power held by the gov over fam
uses Foucault’s concept of surveillance
Condry =policies control family
through gov paid people e.g. doctors control fam

51
Q

What did Pilcher say about childhood ?

A

“Modern childhood is defined through separateness”- they argue that there is a clear distinct life stage separate from adults

52
Q

What does Aries say about childhood?

A

March of Progress
Middle Ages = “the idea of childhood did not exist”
children were ‘mini adults’
secondary research= paintings
children dressed similar to their parents
construction of childhood some time during the industrial revolution= restrictions on child labour= viewed as innocent and needing protection

53
Q

Evaluation of Aries

A

didn’t consider how childhood varies based on gender, ethnicity and class
based his conclusions on a small sample of untypical French aristocratic families
Pollock argues that there was a different notion of childhood from today but it existed

54
Q

What did De Mause say about childhood?

A

March of progress View
“ the further back in history one goes the lower the levels of childcare…”

55
Q

What did Hillman say about childhood?

A

boys are more likely to be allowed to cross or cycle on roads, use buses, and go out after dark

56
Q

What did Gittens say about childhood?

A

Conflict view
age patriarchy= inequalities between adults and children
points out that patriarchy means ‘ruled by the father’ over all other members of the household, including children and as women

57
Q

What did Jenks say about childhood ?

A

they argued that children are continually regulated and restricted by laws which control behaviour in public

58
Q

What did Postman say about childhood?

A

Conflict view
childhood is ‘disappearing at a dazzling speed’
children are exposed to the same issues as adults and are no longer protected
2011 BBC News Report= 11-18 children concerned most with terrorism and climate change
the rise + disappearance lies in the right of print cultured (books + TV) and its replaced by TV

59
Q

What is Postman’s Theory on Information hierarchy?

A

Information hierarchy= adults had power to keep ‘adult’ things to themselves so they were innocent
However, as mass literacy, print media and television blurs the distinction between adults and children- so makes information available to all

60
Q

Evaluate Postman

A

Opie= childhood is not disappearing and that there is strong evidence of the continues existence of a separate children’s culture over the years which she argues is and will continue

61
Q

What did Palmer say about childhood?

A

Conflict View
‘toxic childhood’
rapid tech and cultural changes e.g. vid games are damaging and changes what childhood is
parents use these to keep kids occupied cuz of increase of demand on the parent lives = this deprives children a ‘proper childhood’
this creates a new ‘toxic’ gen will emerge with a range of social and behavioural problems

62
Q

Evaluation of Palmer

A

Children are still very protected today- this view assumes children are delicate and in need of protection rather than resilient

Sociology (11 decks)

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