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Psych 302 > Family Relationships > Flashcards

Family Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

ways in which parents affect their children

A
  • Adult attachment model (their own attachment style)
  • Direct instruction (telling kids how to behave)
  • Indirect socialization (the way they behave)
  • Social management (choosing who their kids interact with)
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2
Q

2 main dimensions of parenting styles

A
  1. Warmth/responsiveness

2. Demandingness

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3
Q

4 types of parenting styles

A
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian
  • permissive
  • rejecting-neglecting
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4
Q

authoritative parenting

A
  • High in warmth/responsiveness
  • High in demandingness
  • Set clear standards for children’s behaviour, but allow children autonomy within their limits (exert behavioural control, but NOT psychological control)
  • Pay attention to their children’s concerns
  • Consistent and measured in their disciplining of child
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5
Q

effects of authoritative parenting

A
  • Kids are more competent, self-assured, and popular with their peers
  • Kids are better verbalizers
  • More prosocial
  • Good at academics and in employment
  • Low drug abuse and problematic behaviour (both internal and external)
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6
Q

authoritarian parenting

A
  • Low in warmth/responsiveness
  • High in demandingness
  • Enforce behaviour and thinking through parental power (exert both behavioural and psychological control) -> use threats and punishment
  • Tend to believe that negative behaviour comes from the child and that positive behaviour comes from external sources
  • Engage in psychological control
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7
Q

effects of authoritarian parenting

A
  • Lower social and academic competence
  • Experience more bullying
  • Have difficulty coping with stress
  • Higher rates of depression, delinquency, and substance abuse (both internal and external)
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8
Q

permissive parenting

A
  • High in warmth/responsiveness
  • Low in demandingness
  • Lenient with their children (little to no discipline)
  • Responsive to their wishes and desires
  • Don’t require their children to act in socially appropriate ways
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9
Q

effects of permissive parenting

A
  • Lacking in self-control
  • Exhibit greater externalizing problems
  • Have lower academic achievement
  • Have worse behaviour and are at increased risk for substance abuse
  • Have lower self-esteem (self-esteem based on external approval)
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10
Q

rejecting/neglecting parenting

A
  • Low in warmth/responsiveness
  • Low in demandingness
  • Don’t set limits and don’t monitor behaviour
  • Focus on their own needs (or other events) and not on children
  • May be completely neglectful
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11
Q

effects of rejecting/neglecting parenting

A
  • Have disturbed relationships with other children
  • Exhibit anti-social or problematic externalizing behaviour
  • Exhibit internalizing problems such as depression and social anxiety
  • Have higher rates of substance abuse and risky sexual behaviour
  • Have problems that get worse in adolescence
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12
Q

Diana Baumrind

A
  • the first to define parenting styles in the 1970’s
  • Stated that authoritative parenting is typically best style, and rejecting-neglecting style is the worst
  • All styles have effects on child development
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13
Q

cultural differences in parenting styles

A
  • Info about effects of parenting styles can’t be generalized to the entire population
  • Most of these studies were conducted with European-Canadians and European-Americans
  • Authoriatrian parenting may look different in other countries and have different effects on child development
  • But urban areas outside North America/Europe are beginning to shift towards Western parenting practices
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14
Q

authoritarian effects cross-culturally

A
  • strictness tends to be higher in other countries/cultures (Everywhere except European-American/Canadians, warmth and strictness go together)
  • High strictness predicts negative outcomes in European-Canadian children, but not in Chinese children, Latino children, and African-American children
  • – Scolding, shame, and guilt don’t predict negative outcomes in these populations
  • – Excessive physical punishment still predicts negative outcomes
  • If parental strictness is normative, a higher cultural value is placed on parental strictness
  • – Seen as a sign of warmth/protectiveness
  • – Suggests that it’s not the strictness itself that predicts negative outcomes, but whether kids feel that they’re being treated differently than their peers
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15
Q

family dynamics

A

the way in which the family operates as a whole

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16
Q

bidirectionality of parent-child interactions

A
  • parents and their children are mutually affected by one another’s characteristics and behaviours
  • ex. kids’ temperament or attractiveness affects ways parents interact with them, which affect kids’ behaviour, which affects parents’ behaviour, and so on
17
Q

SES and parenting styles

A

Low SES tend to use authoriarian style, high SES tend to use authoritative style

18
Q

influence on sibling relationships

A
  • better relationship if parents are warm and accepting, treat them similarly, and get along with each other
  • cultural differences exist in terms of preferential treatment (ie. in familial cultures, it’s not negative)
19
Q

parenting practices in Canada

A
  • Much of the work on parenting practices on done with mothers
    • Most children are still raised primarily by mothers
    • Allows for more scientific control in studies
  • Paternal involvement is increasing in Canada (due to Canadian parental leave policy)
20
Q

mother vs. father interactions with kids

A
  • Mothers tend to spend more time with their children, and engage in:
    • Emotional and physical care
  • Fathers may spend less time with their kids, but engage in more play (especially physical play)
    • The amount of play that a child has with his/her father predicts positive outcomes (motor, cognitive, social, etc.) in childhood/adolescence for both boys and girls
  • cultural differences exist - ie. in some countries, fathers don’t report playing with kids at all
21
Q

changes in Canadian families over the last 50-60 years

A
  • Age of parents
  • Marriage
  • Divorce rates
  • Multiple partnerships
  • Same-sex marriage
22
Q

age of parents

A
  • Age at childbirth has increased for both men and women in Canada
    • Older marriage age
    • Family planning techniques
  • Live births after mother is 35
    • 4% of all Canadian births in 1987
    • 19% of all Canadian births in 2010
23
Q

marriage

A
  • Marriage rates have gone down

- More children born to unmarried parents

24
Q

divorce rates

A
  • Divorce Act (1986)
  • Rates of divorce in Canada are higher (35-42% currently -> down from 50% in 1987)
  • divorce predicts:
    • Higher rates of depression/anxiety
    • Lower self-esteem
    • Higher levels of externalizing behaviour problems
    • Lower academic achievement
    • Future divorce
25
Q

multiple partnerships

A
  • More common to marry/partner more than once

- More children have step-parents than before

26
Q

same-sex marriage

A
  • Marriage Act (2005) said that marriage is between two consenting adults regardless of sex or gender identity
  • Of same-sex couples in Canada:
    • 16% of homosexual female couples have children living with them
    • 3% of homosexual male couples have children living with them
  • In most ways, kids raised by same-sex vs. Opposite-sex parents are identical
27
Q

older parents - effects on children

A
  • Smaller families, no siblings
  • Physical play decreases
  • Parents more highly educated
  • Parents more affluent
  • Lower rates of harsh parenting and more satisfaction with parenting
  • But many of these effects have been studied with older parents of only children -> benefits decrease for older parents when they have more than one child
28
Q

more highly educated parents - effects

A
  • Adolescents’ standardized test scores correlate highly with parental education
  • College students’ degree expectations are higher when they have more educated parents
  • But college students with less educated parents have same success in college, and GPA and college satisfaction is the same in both groups
29
Q

parents more affluent - effects

A
  • More likely to have financial resources for raising a family
  • High SES protects against a number of outcomes
  • Manutrition (fruit and veggie intake; obesity)
  • Depression (low SES children 2.5x more likely to be depressed)
  • Antisocial behaviour
  • Low language development
  • Low IQ
30
Q

more satisfaction in parenting - effects

A
  • Older mothers have more positive emotions, more sensitivity to infant’s needs
  • Older fathers are more responsive, affectionate, and verbally stimulating
31
Q

factors influencing how much divorce affects a child

A
  • Parental conflict: Level of parental conflict before and after divorce
  • Stress: Stress for custodial parent post-divorce
  • Child’s age: Different outcomes for children at different ages (infants, young kids, and older adolescents okay, middle childhood not okay)
  • Non-custodial parent contact: Parenting styles may be different between parents (only good if high quality)
32
Q

ways kids raised by same-sex and opposite-sex parents are similar

A
  • Adjustment and personality similar
  • Sexual orientation and gender-typed behaviour are also not affected
  • Social relationships are mostly unaffected (some exclusion from peers in some communities)
  • Adjustment outcomes for children of same-sex parents follow the same logic as for children of opposite-sex parents
33
Q

children have better adjustment outcomes when there is…

A
  • Low parental conflict
  • Sharing of parental responsibilities
  • High positive sexual identity
34
Q

effect of working moms on their daughters

A
  • good thing!
  • daughters feel less confined to gender roles
  • have higher self-esteem and self-efficacy
35
Q

non-maternal childcare

A
  • has minimal effect on quality of mother-child relationship
  • kids in low-quality childcare may be more aggressive, but not in high-quality
  • high-quality childcare has some benefits for cognitive and language development

Psych 302 (14 decks)

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