Famous Names Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
Alfred Adler
A
Founder of individual psychology, organ inferiority, inferiority complex
2
Q
Mary Ainsworth
A
strange situation test, secure, anxious/avoidant, resistant/ambivalent (disorganised added later)
3
Q
Mesmer
A
Mesmerism or animal magnetism, a form of hypnotic suggestion.
4
Q
Gordon Alport
A
did work into reducing prejudice, contact between groups reduces prejudice
5
Q
Ayllon and Azrin
A
Token economy
6
Q
Cannon-Bard
A
1920s theory that emotions and physiology changes occur at the same time. Severed cats nerves to show that physical arousal does not have to occur before emotion.
7
Q
Bateson
A
(Gregory Bateson): Therapist makes the patient intentionally engage in the unwanted behavior (called the paradoxical injunction) e.g. avoid a phobic object or perform a compulsive ritual.
8
Q
James Braid
A
Scottish surgeon who coined hypnosis
9
Q
Beard
A
(George Beard) 1879 coined the term neurasthenia, said it was exhaustion of the nerves due to urbanization
10
Q
Barton
A
institutional neruosis, 1962
11
Q
Battie
A
Wrote ‘Treatise on Madness’, 1758. Divided mental illness into ‘original’ and ‘consequential’
12
Q
Bandura
A
Bobo doll, social learning, modelling theory (type of observational learning)
13
Q
Aaron Beck
A
1960s - Cognitive therapy (CBT)
14
Q
Benjamin Rush
A
Father of American Psychiatry. First classified phobia.
15
Q
Eric Berne
A
1949, transactional analysis (NB videos on the Respect course, parent adult child) ‘Games people play’ parent adult child
16
Q
Wilfred Bion
A
basic assumptions in group therapy. Bion, whenever a group gets derailed from its task, it deteriorates into one of three basic states: dependency, pairing, or fight-flight
17
Q
Alfred Binet
A
1905 concept of mental age, Stanford Binet Test = 1st IQ test (now we use WAIS more).
IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100
18
Q
Eugen Bleuler
A
coined schizophrenia in 1911, 1st to describe symptoms as positive or negative. 4 A’s –autism, ambivalence, affective incongruity and associations (loosening)
19
Q
Brown and Harris
A
1978, social origins of depression
20
Q
Brown and Rutter
A
1966 Camberwell Family Interview, expressed emotions in schizophrenia
21
Q
Bowen
A
family SYSTEMS therapy, enmeshment, emotional triangles, therapist has minimal emotional attachment
22
Q
Brigham
A
Social psychiatry
23
Q
Broadbent
A
filter theory of attention. ‘People can only attend to one physical channel of information at a time’
24
Q
Bowden
A
use of valproate in mania (1994)
25
John Bowlby
1969, attachment theory, secure base, short term separation leads to protest, then despair, then detachement (eg kids in hospital)
26
John Cade
after 2nd world war, lithium
27
Cerletti & Bini
Electroconvulsive therapy, 1938
28
Paul Charpentier
SYNTHESISED chlorpromazine in 1951 (NB The potential use of Chlorpromazine in psychiatry was first recognized by Henri Laborit (1952), a surgeon , and Delay and Denkier INTRODUCED it)
29
Noam Chomsky
inate language acquisition device
30
Cicero
Coined libido in 1st century BC
31
Cohen
1984 Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, primary and secondary appraisal
32
Delay and Deniker
INTRODUCED chlorpromazine in 1950s, 1st antipsychotic, NB Paul Charpentier synthesised it, Henry Laborit thought it could work in psych.
33
Dollard et al
1939, frustration-aggression hypothesis (frustration always leads to aggression)…later modified by Berkowitz 1993 to aggression cue theory (frustration primes
for aggression)
34
Emile Durkheim
'le suicide' in 1897, Catholics less suicides than Protestants, group control
35
Herman Ebbinghaus
plotted the forgetting curve which shows a sharp drop over the first nine hours and particularly during the first hour. After nine hours, the rate of forgetting slows and declines little thereafter, even after the lapse of 31 days.
36
Thomas Eissenberg
moral development studied doing the right thing (Freud and Kohlberg studied people not doing the wrong thing)
37
Paul Ekman
1972 identified 6 primary human emotions – surprise, fear, sadness, anger, happiness and disgust.
38
Albert Ellis
Rational emotive therapy 1955, involved appropriate humour
39
Elliot
blue and brown eyes experiment (reducing prejudice by exposing people to being prejudiced)
40
Eric Erickson
1950 psychoSOCIAL model of development eg intimacy vs isolation, trust vs mistrust, basic virtues at each stage eg hope, fidelity
41
Hans Eysenck
1972 the three-factor theory or the P-E-N theory. The three high order factors are extraversion-introversion; neuroticism-stability and psychoticism-impulse control. His work asserts that the P-E-N dimensions are biological and largely heritable.
42
Leon Festinger
Cognitive Dissonance theory/ Deindividuation theory: people in group context act uncharacteristically more aggressive as a sense of identity and belongingness and diffusion of responsibility occurs in groups, uniforms. NB $1 test, attitudes, behaviour
43
Foulkes
groups are essential to human existence, factors influencing communication in groups: Mirroring, Exchange, Free floating discussion, Resonance, Translation. Communication matrix in groups (common ground). Foundation matrix, dynamic matrix
44
Michael Foucault
1960 wrote 'Madness and Civilisation', madness as a social construct
45
Freud
Psychoanalysis 1856-1939 – Eros = life drive, Thantos = death drive, but Freud didn’t call it death drive. Works ‘Interpretations of Dreams’, ‘Beyond the Pleasure Principle’, ‘Psychopathology of Everyday Life’
46
Friedman & Rosenman
Type A and B personalities
47
Gagne
hierarchy of learning 1 Classical conditioning (signal learning), 2 Operant conditioning, 3 chaining, 4 Verbal association, 5 Discrimination learning, 6 Concept learning, 7 Rule learning, 8 Problem solving
48
Erving Goffman
in 1963 used the word ‘stigma’. Wrote ‘Asylums’ in 1961, and ‘The presentation of the self in everyday life’- theatrical performances
49
Guttman
introduced scalograms to measure attitudes that include cumulative statements where accepting a statement usually means accepting all that comes below a statement, in a step wise fashion.
50
Hathaway and Mckinley
Minessotta Multiphasic Personal Inventory, 10 clinical scales eg hypochondriasis
51
Haley
STRATEGIC family therapy, eg depressed wife elicits overprotectiveness from husband. Reframing, positive connotation, domino affect
52
Hans Berger
invented EEG in 1924
53
Hecker
coined ‘hebephrenia’ (predated DSM concept of disorganised type
54
Heinroth
first used the word psychosomatic in 1817, applying it to problems of insomnia
55
Karen Horney
Neo Freudian ‘Womb Envy’, like ‘penis envy’
56
Clarke Hull
1943 Drive reduction theory primary drives stem from biological needs; secondary drives are psychological and learned from primary drives (e.g. self-esteem, power etc.). Type of motivational therapy
57
Jacobson
1920s Progressive muscular relaxation therapy
58
Jarman index
1984, level of relative social deprivation, helpful to indicate the need for primary care services
59
Janssen
1958 Butyrophenone haloperidol
60
Arthur Janov
Primal therapy, Primal therapy became very influential during a brief period in the early 1970s, argued that neurosis is caused by the repressed pain of childhood trauma.
61
Jasper
Praecox feeling, un-understandability of delusions
62
Maxwell Jones
established the therapeutic community (but note Tom Main coined the term)
63
Carl Gutav Jung
1875- 1961 Analytical psychology, persona, collective unconscious, archetypes. Jung is associated with the following terms- Personal unconscious, collective unconscious, introvert, extrovert, archetypes, persona, anima and animus.
64
Kahlbaum
1828 – 1899 Catatonia, Hebephrenia (Hecker expanded on these terms further), cyclothymia
65
Kasanin
Schizoaffective psychosis
66
Kay & Roth
Late paraphrenia
67
John Kane
1988 introduced Clozapine into clinical practice
68
Klermann and Wiseman
interpersonal therapy, 1969, for depression
69
Roland Khun
Imipramine in 1956
70
Emil Kraeplin
1856-1926, founder of modern psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychiatric genetics. Rivalled Freud- believed that the chief origin of psychiatric disease was biological and genetics. Manic depression, dementia precox, degeneration of the race, social Darwinism, eugenics.
71
Klaesi
Barbiturate coma therapy
72
Melanie Klein
1882- 1960 - Play therapy. SIPDOG is a mnemonic for Klein’s defences. Splitting, Introjection, Projective Identification, Denial, Omnipotence, Grandiosity. Object Relations Theory = process of developing a psyche in relation to others during childhood.
73
Kleist
‘Unipolar and bipolar’ in 1953
74
Lawrence Kohlberg
1958 - MORAL developmental theory, pre conventional, conventional and post conventional morality, Heinx dilemma
75
Koch
Psychopathic inferiority- his work influenced personality disorders
76
Kohler
insight learning (gorillas have a flash of inspiration of how to reach the banana)
77
Henry Laborit
1952 Chlorpromazine COULD BE USEFUL IN PSYCHIATRY. Charpentier synthesised it in, Delay and Denkier introduced it
78
Ronald Laing
‘The divided self’ 1960, ‘ontological security’. Ontology is studying the nature of being. Wrote about psychosis, was associated with the anti-psychiatry movement, although he rejected the label.
79
Langfeldt
Schizophreniform psychosis
80
James- Lange
1855 theory of emotions- emotions occur in response to bodily changes in response to stimuli. Compare to Cannon- Bard. Was developed by William James and Carl Lange independently
81
Lazarus
, Cognitive appraisal theory states that appraisal precedes affective reaction- says no affective primacy Cognitive-mediation model (Lazarus, 1999) explains why different individuals respond differently to the same types of stressors, and why the same individual may respond differently to a similar stressor at different times. Compare with Cannon Bard and James Lange
82
Kurt Lewin
1940s-1950s coined ‘group dynamics’, first to scientifically study groups
83
Marsha Linehan
Dialectic behavioural therapy (DBT), distress tolerance, emotional regulation, mindfulness, for borderline PD born 1943
84
Maslow
identified deficiency needs called D motives and growth needs (being) needs called B motives. He proposed a hierarchy of human needs
85
Mary Main
1986 Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)…4 types of adult attachment, which correspond to Mary Ainsworth 12-18 month attachments: secure autonomous, entangled (childhood resistant), dismissing (childhood anxious/avoidant), unresolved (childhood disorganised)
86
Margaret Mahler
separation individuation theory (universal to all children irrespective of their mothers)
87
Marcia
theory on adolescence and crises
88
Masters and Johnson
Sexual therapy; pause, squeeze technique
89
Mechanic
illness behaviour
90
Meduna
1934 Camphor/ metrazol induced seizures
91
Minuchin
STRUCTURAL model of families in family therapy, hierarchies. NB Bowens SYSTEMS, Haley STRATEGIC, Milan SYTEMIC.
92
ERIC Miller
biofeedback therapy to help eg migraines, hypertension. Does music therapy
93
Benedict Morel
1852- Theory of degeneration, ‘demence precoce’. NB different, and predates Kraeplin’s ‘dementia praecox’
94
Jacob Moreno
Psychodrama, group psychotherapy
95
Moniz
frontal leucotomy for psychosis 1930
96
Osgood
semantic differential scale is used to measure verbally expressed attitudes. It allows different attitudes about a particular topic to be measured on the same scale.
97
Mara Palazzoli
MILAN SYSTEM of family therapy, one way mirror, circular questioning.
98
Perls
1940s founded Gestalt therapy
99
John Piaget
- sensorimotor etc PSYCHODEVELOPMENTAL theory
100
Johann Reil
Coined ‘psychiatrie’ in 1808. Probably the first psychiatric journal introduced.
101
Ringleman
- in 1880 noticed social loafing in which individual performance decreases in a group eg tug of war/ clapping
102
Carl Rogers
person centered therapy/ client centered psychotherapy, 1940-1950s. Unconditional positive regard, uses Q sort test (they have to sort statement cards for themselves and their idea self, eg ‘I am a good person’.
103
Rutter
deprivation (disrupted attachment) vs priviation (not forming attachments)
104
Anthony Ryle
1990s Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) –therapist writes letters to patient, time limited 16-24 sessions, designed for use in NHS. Faulty procedures: Traps, Snags, Dilemmas, restricted role repertoires. EUPD patients have ‘hair-trigger’ role switches
105
Schachter-singer
labelling theory/ jukebox theory/ 2 factor theory. : On perception of a stimulus, both physiological changes and a conscious experience of general arousal take place simultaneously. Positive or negative labelling occurs due to situational cues.
106
Sheriff
Realistic conflict theory, Robber’s Cove summer camp experiment. Mere perception of another group’s existence can spark discrimination.
107
Manfed Sakel
1927 Insulin Coma Therapy, used ++ in 1940s and 1950s
108
Martin Seligman
stimuli preparedness (explains why more likely to be snake phobic than watch phobic), also learned helplessness
109
Seman
Stop and start sexual technique in premature ejaculation
110
Skinner
Operant conditioning, behavioural therapy
111
Sutton
Described delirium tremens
112
Thomas Szasz
1960 ‘The Myth of Mental Illness’
113
Harry Stack Sullivan
Neo Freudian, PSYCHODYNAMIC Interpersonal Therapy
114
William Tuke
family started the York Retreat, his grandson called this moral treatment of the mentally ill
115
Thorndike
trial and error learning as part of operant conditioning
116
Thomas & Chess
New York Longitudinal study 1986, 9 dimensions of childhood temperament. Easy (40%), difficult (10%) and slow to warm up children (15%), ungrouped 35%.
117
Tolman
latent learning. Rats in mazes. Reinforcement may be necessary for a performance of learned response but not necessary for the learning itself to occur
118
Vygotsky
child as an apprentice, not a scientist, mother as scaffolding, zone of proximal development
119
Von Karft-Ebbing
Sadism, masochism, paraphilias
120
Donald Winnicott
Good enough mother’, ‘Holding environment’, ‘transitional object’
121
Wolpe
reciprocal inhibition, systematic desentisitisation
122
Yalom
cited 11 ‘curative' factors responsible for change in groups. The curative factors include instillation of hope, universality, imparting information (feedback), altruism, corrective recapitulation,
socialisation techniques, imitative behaviour, interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness, catharsis and existential factors.
123
Yerkes-Dodson Law
An inverted U shaped curve relates level of arousal with performance of an act.
124
French and Raven
1959 5 base theory of power: legitimate power, referent power (charisma), expert power, reward power, coercive power
125
Bateman & Fonagy
- mentalisation therapy- ability to understand the mental state of one self and others based on overt behaviour, used for borderline PD. Focuses less on past and unconscious.
126
Holmes and Rahe
Social readjustment rating scale, based on a list of 43 life events. Death of a spouse was arbitrariliy rated as the most serious life event
127
Halo Effect
tendency to perceive people as wholly good or bad based on a few observed traits
Devil Effect/ Association fallacy = the halo effect when someone seen as bad, eg police wrongly suspecting someone who ‘looks like a criminal’
128
Barnum Effect/ Forer Effect
believing that horoscopes or palmistry have specific reference to individuals
129
Hawthorne Effect
short term improvement if people know they are being watched, eg audit at work
130
Pygmalion Effect/ Rosenthal Effect
self fulfilling prophecy eg if teachers have poor expectations the students internalise the negative label and perform badly
131
Premack’s principle
states that high frequency behaviour can be used to reinforce low frequency behaviour. This is also called as Grandma’s rule – eat the carrot and get the dessert.
132
• Declaration of Geneva
Introduced following the crimes which had just been committed in Nazi Germany, the Declaration of Geneva was intended as a revision of the Hippocratic Oath.
133
• Declaration of Helsinki
This is a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
134
• Declaration of Tokyo
This states that doctors should refuse to participate in, condone, or give permission for torture, degradation, or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees.
135
• Declaration of Malta
This offers guidelince to doctors treating people who are on hunger strike.
136
• Declaration of Lisbon
This is an international statement of the rights of patients.
137
• Declaration of Ottawa
This sets out the principles necessary for optimal child health
