Famous People

Question 1

Frances Galton

Answer 1

maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance (human traits are inherited)

Question 2

Charles Darwin

Answer 2

theory of evolution, survival of the fittest; origin of the species (book)

Question 3

William Wundt

Answer 3

INTROSPECTION; psychology became the first scientific study of the conscious experience (rather than science); father of modern or scientific psychology; structuralism was the approach and introspection was the methodology.

Question 4

John Watson

Answer 4

founder of behaviorism; generalization; applied classical conditioning skills to advertising; most famous for Little Albert experiment, where he first trained Albert to be afraid of rats and then to generalize his fear to all small, white animals.

Question 5

Alfred Adler

Answer 5

neo-Freudian; believed that childhood, social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation; believed that people are primarily searching or self-esteem and achieving the idea self

Question 6

Carl Jung

Answer 6

disciple of Freud who extended his theories; believes in a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious that is aware of ancient archetypes which we inherit from our ancestors and we see in myths (young warrior, wise man of the village, loving mother, etc); coined the terms of introversion and extroversion

Question 7

Gordon Allport

Answer 7

three levels of traits– 1. cardinal trait- a dominant trait that characterizes your life, 2. central trait- common to all people, 3. secondary trait- surfaces in some situations and not others

Question 8

Albert Ellis

Answer 8

father of Rational Emotive Therapy, which focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotion (eg. “if I fail my AP exam my life will come to an end)

Question 9

Albert Maslow

Answer 9

humanist; said we have a series of needs that must be met; you can’t achieve the top level, self-actualization, unless the previous levels have been achieved; from bottom to top the levels are physiological needs, safety, belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization; lower needs dominate an individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied

Question 10

Carl Rogers

Answer 10

humanist; believed in unconditional positive regard; people will naturally strive for self-actualization and high self-esteem, unless society taints them; reflected back clients thoughts so that they developed a self-awareness of their feelings; client-centered therapy

Question 11

B.F. Skinner

Answer 11

operant conditioning– techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism’s behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Skinner box; believed psychology was not scientific enough; wanted it to be believed everyone is born tableau rosa (blank slate); NOT concerned with unconscious or cause, only behavior

Question 12

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 12

classical conditioning– an unconditional stimulus naturally elicits a reflexive behavior called and unconditional response, but with repeated pairings with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit the response

Question 13

Noam Chomsky

Answer 13

believed there are an infinite number of sentences in a language and that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language; words and concepts are learned but the brain is hardwired for grammar and language

Question 14

Jean Piaget

Answer 14

four-state theory of cognitive development– sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational; two basic processes (assimilation and accommodation) work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth

Question 15

Erik Erikson

Answer 15

People evolve through 8 states over the lif span, each state is marked by psychological crisis that involves confronting “who am I”

Question 16

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 16

his theory states that there are 3 levels of moral reasoning (pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional) and each level can be divided into 2 stages

Question 17

Carol Gilligan

Answer 17

maintained the Kohberg’s work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgement of men and women

Question 18

Hans Eysenck

Answer 18

personality is determined to a large extent by genes; used the terms of extroversion and introversion

Question 19

S. Schacter

Answer 19

believed that to experience emotions one must be psychically aroused and must then label the arousal

Question 20

Mary Cover Jones

Answer 20

systemic desensitization; maintained that fear could be unlearned; Little Peter experiment

Question 21

Benjamin Whorf

Answer 21

his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

Question 22

Robert Sternberg

Answer 22

triarchic theory of intelligence- 1. academic problem- solving intelligence, 2. practical intelligence, 3. creative intelligence

Question 23

Howard Gardner

Answer 23

theory of multiple intelligences

Question 24

Albert Bandura

Answer 24

observational learning- allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and successes of others; his experiment had adult models punching BoBo dolls and then observed children whom watched behind to exhibit many of the same behaviors; social learning theory

Question 25

E.L. Thorndike

Answer 25

law of effect- the principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely and vise versa

Question 26

Alfred Binet

Answer 26

general I.Q. tests

Question 27

Lewis Terman

Answer 27

revised Binet's I.Q. tests and established norms for American children

Question 28

David Weschler

Answer 28

established an intelligence test especially for adults (Weschler Intelligence Test for Adults)

Question 29

Charles Spearman

Answer 29

found that specific mental talents were highly correlated; concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled "g" for general ability

Question 30

H. Rorschach

Answer 30

developed one of the first projectile tests, the Inkblot Test; subject reads the inkblots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality

Question 31

Philip Zimbardo

Answer 31

conducted the famous Stanford Prison Experiment; studied the power of social roles to influence people's behavior; proved people's behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; experiment had to be stopped because it got out of control

Question 32

David Rosenhan

Answer 32

conducted a hospital experiment to test the diagnosis that hospitals make on patients; wanted to see the impact of behavior on being a patient proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental hospital setting

Question 33

S. Asch

Answer 33

study of conformity; experiment had a subject unaware of his situation to test if he would conform to if all them members of a group gave an obviously incorrect answer

Question 34

Stanley Milgram

Answer 34

conducted a study on obedience when he had a subject shock a patient to the extent that they would be obviously injuring the parent

Question 35

Harry Harlow

Answer 35

studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys; also experimented on the effects of social isolation young monkeys and observed that they become severely emotionally disturbed and never recover fully

Question 36

William Sheldon

Answer 36

theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment; endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)

Question 37

Sigmund Freud

Answer 37

psychoanalytical theory that focuses on the unconscious; id, ego, superego; believed innate drivers for sex and aggression are the primary motives for our behavior and personalities

Question 38

Karen Horney

Answer 38

criticized Frued; said that personality is continually modeled by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences; saw humans as craving love and social interaction to drive their needs

Question 39

Martin Seligman

Answer 39

learned helplessness is the giving up reaction that occurs from the experience that whatever you do cannot change your situation

Question 40

H. Ebbinghas

Answer 40

first to conduct scientific studies on memory and forgetting; learning curves

Question 41

Hubel/Wisel

Answer 41

did a study of the activities of neurons in the visual cortex

Question 42

Walter B. Cannon

Answer 42

believed that gastric activity in an empty stomach was the sole reason for hunger; did an experiment by inserting a balloon in subjects stomach

Question 43

Ernst Weber

Answer 43

pioneered the first study on JND (just noticeable difference), which became Webers Law; the JND between stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity of the standard deviation

Question 44

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

Answer 44

theory proposes the terminally ill pass through a sequence of 5 stages: 1- denial, 2- anger/resentment, 3- bargaining, 4- depression, 5- acceptance

Question 45

Robert Zajonc

Answer 45

mere exposure effect; it is possible to have preferences without interferences and to feel without knowing why

Question 46

Henry Murray

Answer 46

stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances; devised the TAT )Thematic Appreciation Test) with Christina D. Morgan

Question 47

David Mclelland

Answer 47

devised a way to measure H. Murray's theory- "the need to achieve that varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances;" credited with developing the scoring system for the TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not for the TAT itself

Question 48

Paul Ekman

Answer 48

theory that facial expressions are universal

Question 49

James Marcia

Answer 49

studied adolescent age of Erikson; divided adolescent into four groups- foreclosed (having parents identity), achieved (your own identity, diffused (not even searching, living day to day), moratorium (actively searching for identity)