Farm Animal Medicine Exam I Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
What questions should we ask when collecting a history for a bovine patient with suspected GI disease?
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2
Q
All 8 incisor of the calf are present by ____. Premolars usually erupt around ____.
A
3
Q
What is the dental equation for an immature calf?
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4
Q
What is the dental equation for a mature cow?
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5
Q
When do the central, medial, lateral, and corner incisors erupt in the cow?
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6
Q
What are you assessing during your distance exam of the bovine head and oral cavity?
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7
Q
What are you assessing during your physical exam of the bovine head and oral cavity?
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8
Q
List some potential causes of oral ulcers in the bovine. Of these, which require you to contact a regulatory veterinarian?
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9
Q
What systems are affected by bovine viral diarrhea virus? How is it spread?
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10
Q
Describe vesicular stomatitis as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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11
Q
Describe malignant catarrhal fever as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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12
Q
Describe bluetongue as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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13
Q
Describe bluetongue as a disease of the ovine oral cavity.
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14
Q
Describe epizootic hemorrhagic disease as a disease of the white tailed deer oral cavity.
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15
Q
Describe bovine papular stomatitis as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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16
Q
Describe caustic substances as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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17
Q
Describe uremia as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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18
Q
Describe congenital salivary gland diseases as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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19
Q
Describe acquired salivary gland diseases as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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20
Q
Describe sialoceles as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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21
Q
Describe sialodenitis as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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22
Q
Describe jaw abscesses as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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23
Q
Describe osteodystopha fibrosa as a disease of the camelid oral cavity.
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24
Q
Describe neoplasia as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
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25
What are the most common locations to find lymphosarcoma in the bovine?
26
Describe tooth root infections as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
27
Describe tongue lacerations as a disease of the bovine oral cavity.
28
What is the etiologic agent, clinical signs, diagnostics, and treatment for wooden tongue?
29
What is the etiological agent and diagnostic tools for lumpy jaw?
30
What is the treatment and prognosis for lumpy jaw?
31
Why do woody tongue and lumpy jaw occur?
32
Describe the general mechanism of action and averse effects relative to sodium iodide.
33
Describe necrotic laryngitis as a disease of the bovine larynx.
34
Describe the etiology, diagnostic tools, and treatment for traumatic pharyngitis in the bovine.
35
What is choke? Differentiate between complete and partial.
36
Choke is not always caused by an intraluminal obstruction. List some extraluminal causes.
37
What are the common sites for choke in the bovine?
38
How do we use our physical exam and clinical pathology findings to diagnose choke?
39
How do we treat choke? What is the prognosis?
40
How can we use a case of choke as an opportunity for client training?
41
Describe foreign bodies as a cause of bovine pharyngeal disease.
42
Describe how plants can sometimes be the causative agent of vomiting in small ruminants.
43
Anytime we examine the mouth of a bovine, you should ALWAYS consider _____.
44
Identify the different contents that exists in the bovine rumen.
45
Identify the different contents that exists in the bovine rumen.
46
Differentiate between the primary and secondary mixing cycles in the rumen.
47
Describe the normal flora that exist in the bovine rumen.
48
What are some parameters we measure in ruminal fluid?
49
What is a normal rumen fluid pH?
50
How do we use sedimentation/floatation time tests to analyze ruminal fluid?
51
How do we use methylene blue reduction time to analyze ruminal fluid?
52
What are the two main categories of bloat in the bovine? What do they have in common?
53
Use the photos to differentiate between the two kinds of bloat in the rumen.
54
What are the causes of free gas bloat?
55
How do we use a stomach tube or trochar to treat free gas boat?
56
How do we treat free gas boat in the bovine?
57
What are the causes of frothy boat?
58
How do we treat frothy bloat?
59
What is the prognosis for frothy boat, feedlot frothy bloat, and free gas boat?
60
List some etiologies of boat that would result in a good prognosis.
61
List some etiologies of boat that would result in a guarded prognosis.
62
How can we prevent legume frothy bloat?
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How can we prevent feedlot boat?
64
____ bloat tends to occur in groups while ___ bloats are sporadic.
Frothy ; free
65
____ grass can cause frothy bloat while ___ grass does not increase the possibility.
Young ; wilting
66
What is hardware disease?
67
List the clinical signs of hardware disease.
68
How do we diagnose hardware disease?
69
Describe the pathophysiology of hardware disease.
70
What clinical pathology findings would you expect to find in a cow with hardware disease?
71
Describe the medical treatment for hardware disease.
72
What is the surgical treatment for hardware disease?
73
How can we prevent hardware disease? What is the prognosis?
74
What is some sequels we may see secondary to hardware disease?
75
What is software disease?
76
What are the clinical signs of software disease?
77
Draw out the pathophysiology of lactic acidosis in the bovine rumen.
78
What are some sequels we may see secondary to rumen acidosis?
79
What is the treatment for rumen acidosis?
80
How can we prevent rumen acidosis?
81
What is simple ruminal indigestion?
82
Draw out the pathophysiology of simple ruminal indigestion. How do we diagnose it?
83
What is the treatment for simple indigestion? What is the prognosis?
84
How can we prevent simple indigestion?
85
Peritonitis is a secondary complication to different etiologies like _____.
86
How do we diagnose peritonitis in the bovine?
87
How do we treat peritonitis in the bovine?
88
What is vagal indigestion syndrome?
89
Name the four different classifications of vagal indigestion. What are the key clinical signs?
90
Describe type I vagal indigestion.
91
Describe type II vagal indigestion.
92
Describe type III vagal indigestion.
93
Describe type IV vagal indigestion.
94
What are the different treatment options for vagal indigestion?
95
What are some of different ways we can collect ruminal fluid for transfaunation? Why should it be used ASAP?
96
The ____ of as little as ____ can cause a significant improvement in the activity of the rumen flora in cows with indigestion and decrease hospital stays.
97
List some of the different abomasal diseases we may see clinically in the ruminant.
98
What is the cause of abomasum displacements? Which is more common?
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100
Describe a typical presentation for a cow with an abomasum displacement.
101
Describe the most common signalment for a cow with a displaced abomasum.
102
What is the most common timeframe for a left displaced abomasum? What are the clinical signs?
103
How do we diagnose a LDA?
104
Where would your expect to hear a left sided ping due to an LDA?
105
Where would your expect to hear a left sided ping due to a rumen gas cap?
106
In addition to an LDA or rumen gas cap, what are some other reasons you may hear a left sided ping?
107
What are some key serum chemistry findings you would expect to find in a left displaced abomasum?
108
What are the different treatment options for a left displaced abomasum?
109
Describe the prevalence and clinical signs of an RDA.
110
What are your differentials for a right sided ping?
111
If you hear a ping in any one of these locations, what structures would be the problem?
112
Describe the initial presentation for a patient with a abomasal volvulus/torsion. What are your differentials?
113
What are the key clinical path findings in a patient with a right displaced abomasal volvulus/torsion?
114
Why is paradoxical aciduria a complication of abomasal volvulus/torsion?
115
Why do patients with displaced abomasums become alkalotic?
116
Describe the pathophysiology of a right displaced abomasum.
117
What is the treatment for a right abomasal volvulus/torsion?
118
What is the prognosis for a right abomsal volvulus/torsion?
119
How do we prevent abomsal displacements?
120
What other species (other than dairy cattle) are susceptible to a displaced abomasum?
121
How do cattle get an abomasal fistula?
122
What are the 4 types of abomsal ulcers we see in cattle?
123
How do we diagnose abomsal ulcers?
124
What are the clinical signs of abomasal ulcers? How do we diagnose it?
125
What are some potential causes of abomasal ulcers in calves?
126
What is the treatment for abomasal ulcers?
127
What are the different classes of gastroprotectant therapies we have for ruminants?
128
Name and describe the different local agent gastroprotectants we have for our ruminant species.
129
Name and describe the different H2 antagonist gastroprotectants we have for our ruminant species.
130
Name and describe the different proton pump inhibitors we have for our ruminant species.
131
Your primary differential for an abomasal ulcer should be _____.
132
Describe the incidence and treatment for abomasal impactions.
133
Describe abomasal emptying disease.
134
List some of the general mechanisms of diarrhea.
135
Describe the mechanism of malabsorptive diarrhea.
136
Describe the mechanism of osmotic diarrhea.
137
Describe the mechanism of diarrhea secondary to hydrostatic pressure.
138
Describe the mechanism of secretory diarrhea.
Ex: Cholera, E.coli, etc.
139
Describe the mechanism of diarrhea secondary to motility disorders.
140
Describe the mechanism of inflammatory diarrhea.
141
What are the different etiologic agents in neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Noninfectious cause are the most common!!!!!
142
List some of the different management related causes of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.
143
How can we maximize colostrum management on the farm to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
144
How can we maximize milk replacer management on the farm to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
145
How can we maximize calf management on the farm to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
ATP swabs help determine if there is organic debris and where cleaning efforts should be focused, quick and easy process
146
How can we maximize organic debris management on the farm to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
147
List some of the most significant infectious pathogens in neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.
148
What are the most common infectious causes of neonatal calf diarrhea diarrhea syndrome in calves < 5 days?
149
What are the most common infectious causes of neonatal calf diarrhea diarrhea syndrome in calves 5-21 days old?
150
What are the most common infectious causes of neonatal calf diarrhea diarrhea syndrome in calves 21 days to 2 years old?
151
What kind of diarrhea will you see with viral agents of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome? How is it spread and how is it diagnosed?
152
Briefly describe rotavirus as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.
153
Briefly describe coronavirus as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome.
154
How do we treat and prevent viral causes of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
155
How do we treat and prevent viral causes of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
156
Describe E.coli as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome. What virulence factors make it a successful pathogen?
157
Describe the pathophysiology of E.coli neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome. How do we diagnose it?
158
How do we treat and prevent E.coli neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
159
Describe Cryptosporidium parvum as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea. Describe the pathophysiology.
160
What is flat calf syndrome?
161
How do we diagnose Cryptosporidium parvum neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
162
How do we treat Cryptosporidium parvum neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
163
Name the different subtypes of Clostridium perfringens. What kind of disease do they cause?
164
Describe C. perfringens neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome. What are some predisposing factors? Describe the pathophysiology.
165
What is the treatment and prevention for C.perfringens neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
166
Describe Giardia duodenalis as a causative agent of neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome. What kind of diarrhea does it cause?
167
How do we diagnose Giardia duodenalis neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
Hyperkalemia because potassium not in the cell, will move back into the cell once you correct other deficits
168
What is the treatment for Giardia neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome?
169
Describe the etiology of salmonellosis diarrhea.
170
What is the typical route of infection for salmonellosis diarrhea?
171
Describe the most common and likely hosts for salmonellosis diarrhea.
172
Describe the pathogenesis of salmonellosis diarrhea.
173
What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis diarrhea?
174
How to we diagnose salmonellosis diarrhea? Where would you find the pathogen on necropsy?
175
What is the treatment for salmonellosis diarrhea?
176
Describe enterohemmorhagic E.coli as a causative agent of diarrhea/
177
What is the etiologic agent in coccidiosis diarrhea?
178
Describe the life cycle/pathogenesis of coccidiosis.
179
What are the clinical signs of GI coccidiosis?
High suspicion with large outbreaks of rectal prolapses
180
Describe nervous coccidiosis.
181
How do we diagnose and prevent coccidiosis?
182
Why is it challenging to treat coccidiosis?
183
Name the etiological agent of Johne’s disease.
184
Describe the characteristics of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Mention its prevalence and host range.
185
How is Johne’s disease (MAP) spread?
186
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Johne’s disease (MAP).
187
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Johne’s disease (MAP).
188
How do we diagnose Johne’s disease (MAP)?
189
Describe stage I Johne’s disease.
190
Describe stage II Johne’s disease.
191
Describe stage III Johne’s disease.
192
Describe stage IV Johne’s disease.
193
How do we treat and prevent Johne’s disease (MAP)?
194
Describe the zoonotic potential of Johne’s disease (MAP).
195
Briefly describe winter dysentery.
196
Identify the anatomy of the ruminant GIT.
197
Ostertagia ostertagi have a predilection for the _____ due to the ____.
Abomasum ; acidic conditions and gastric epithelial cells
198
What do we care about gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle?
199
Name some of the most common gastrointestinal nematodes found in cattle and their primary predilection site.
200
Describe the pathophysiology and transmission of O.ostertagi in cattle.
201
What is type I ostertagiosis?
202
What is type II ostertagiosis?
203
List some of the different ways predisposing factors for gastrointestinal nematodes.
204
Describe C. punctata as a GI nematode of young cattle.
205
How do we diagnose GI nematodes?
206
How do we treat GI nematodes?
207
What is the etiologic agent for most liver abscesses in cattle? When are they most susceptible?
208
Describe the pathophysiology of liver abscesses in cattle.
209
How do we diagnose liver abscesses in cattle?
210
What are the clinical signs of liver abscesses in cattle?
211
How do we prevent liver absences in the cattle?
212
Describe tylosin as a mainstay treatment for liver abscesses.
213
What do we even test for BVDV?
214
What are some general concepts to keep in mind with BVDV?
215
What biosecurity protocols do we have in place for BVDV?
216
What are some factors that influence our choice of BVDV control testing?
217
Describe how we screen for PI calves with BVDV.
218
How do we detect/diagnose BVDV?
219
Describe the vaccinations available for BVDV.
220
Describe the general distribution of water in the body.
221
What is the value of the Henderson-Hasselback equation?
222
Describe the strong ion difference theory.
223
What is an increased SID?
224
What is a decreased SID?
225
List the different types of fluid we have available for fluid therapy in veterinary medicine.
226
What are some physical exam findings that would indicate dehydration and thus fluid therapy?
227
What are some diagnostic tests we can use to confirm dehydration and thus supplement fluids?
228
What is the prominent pH abnormality in calves with diarrhea?
229
Describe what 6-8% dehydration looks like relative to eyeball sunkenness, neck skin tent, and mm.
230
Describe what 9-10% dehydration looks like relative to eyeball sunkenness, neck skin tent, and mm.
231
Describe what 16-45% dehydration looks like relative to eyeball sunkenness, neck skin tent, and mm.
232
How can we use % dehydration to determine when to supplement oral fluids versus IVF?
233
What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis in adult cows?
234
What are some causes of metabolic acidosis in adult cows?
235
When do we supplement oral fluids in calves? What are the goals of fluid therapy?
236
In general, how do we deliver oral fluids to adult cattle? What are some big no-nos when it comes to oral fluids?
237
Describe the typical IVF regiment for neonatal calf diarrhea.
238
Describe the typical IVF regiment for mature cattle.
239
Other than oral or IV, what other routes of fluids can we administer to bovine species?
240
What are some potential complications of fluid therapy?
241
How do we calcite the total fluid deficit for a large animal patient?
242
How do we calculate bicarbonate deficits for cows and calves?
243
How do we calcite daily fluid replacements for our bovine patients?
244
What are some of the basic guidelines for calf replacement fluids?
245
Review fluid calculations!!!!
