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fastidious gram negative rods Flashcards

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1
Q

fastidious gram negative rods are cultured on ___ agar

A

chocolate

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2
Q

bartonella spp.: name the four species

A

b. bacilliformis, b. quintana, b. henselae, b. clarridgeiae

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3
Q

b. bacilliformis: clinical presentations

A

carrion’s disease = oroya fever (high fever = severe anemia due to RBC infection)

character skin rash

spread by sandflies

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4
Q

b. quintana: clinical presentations

A

trench fever, aids related conditions, endocarditis

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5
Q

b. henselae: clinical presentations

A

cat scratch disease, aids related condition, endocarditis

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6
Q

b. clarridgeiae: clinical presentations

A

cat scratch disease

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7
Q

bartonella spp.: diagnosis

A

serology, histology, culture

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8
Q

haemophilus influenzae: culture

A

chocolate agar

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9
Q

haemophilus influenzae: character

A

requires hemin (X factor) and NAD (V factor) to grow

throat carriage

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10
Q

haemophilus influenzae: transmission

A

respiratory droplets, close contact

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11
Q

haemophilus influenzae: virulence factors

A

some strain possess antiphagocytic capsules (a-f, b is the most common; also in sg the most common type is the non encapsulated type)

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12
Q

haemophilus influenzae: clinical presentations

A

encapsulated infections: meningitis, acute epiglottitis, septicaemia, cellulitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis

non-encapsulated infections: invasive (meningitis and septicaemia in neonates; pneumonia in older age groups) and non-invasive (urti)

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13
Q

haemophilus influenzae: diagnosis

A

blood culture

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14
Q

haemophilus influenzae: treatment

A

ceftriazone; most species are resistant to penicillin since they produce beta lactamase

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15
Q

haemophilus influenzae: prevention

A

conjugate vaccines against type b for children and at risk patients

chemoprophylaxis of rifampicin and vaccine for prevention of secondary cases

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16
Q

haemophilus ducreyi: histology + character

A

“shoal of fish” appearance

x (iron, hemin) dependent growth

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17
Q

haemophilus ducreyi: culture

A

chocolate agar

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18
Q

haemophilus ducreyi: transmission

A

sexually transmitted disease

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19
Q

haemophilus ducreyi: clinical presentations

A

chancroid (painful genital ulcer + enlarged inguinal lymph nodes that may suppurate and ulcerate)

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20
Q

haemophilus ducreyi: diagnosis

A

culture, pcr

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21
Q

haemophilus ducreyi: treatment

A

several agents effective

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22
Q

hacek group

A

group of gram negative bacteria associated with endocarditis

haemophilus parainfluenzae
aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
cardiobacterium hominis
eikenella corrodens
kingella kingae
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23
Q

klebsiella granulomatis: transmission

A

sexually transmitted disease

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24
Q

klebsiella granulomatis: clinical presentations

A

granuloma inguinale = donovanosis
subcutaneous nodules break down to painless ulcers, gradual enlargement of ulcers with prominent granulation tissue, tissue loss and scarring

spread to inguinal region causes periadenitis (pseudo bubo) and pelvic fibrosis

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25
klebsiella granulomatis: diagnosis
"donovan bodies" seen in macrophages in tissues smears
26
bordetella spp.: name the 2 species
bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis
27
bordetella spp.: culture
mercury droplet colonies on bordet-gengou agar
28
bordetella spp.: transmission
respiratory droplets
29
bordetella spp.: clinical presentations
whooping cough catarrhal stage: resemble other respiratory infections paroxysmal stage: paroxysmal cough (lungs emptied in a series of cough before dragging in a fresh breath through a narrowed throat which produces the "whoop") - once this stage is established, may last afew months
30
bordetella spp.: diagnosis
pernasal swab for culture, pcr
31
bordetella spp.: treatment
erythromycin - reduces severity of illness if given before the paroxysmal stage
32
bordetella spp.: prevention
effective vaccines available in national childhood immunisation schedule
33
francisella tularensis: character
naturally infects animals like rodents and rabbits
34
francisella tularensis: transmission
handling animal carcasses, arthropod vector - respiratory, oral routes
35
francisella tularensis: clinical presentations
tularaemia: infection of skin, eye, lymph nodes and pneumonia
36
legionalla pneumophila: culture
buffer charcoal yeast extract agar (B-CYE): needs cysteine and iron
37
legionella pneumophila: character
environmental bacteria that grows in water (e.g. in cooling tower of air conditioning plant), poorly maintained water supplies
38
legionella pneumophila: transmission
infectious aerosol from colonised water source dispensers (not person to person, not airborne)
39
legionella pneumophila: clinical presentations
legionnaire's disease: severe pneumonia frequently accompanied by confusion or extra pulmonary manifestations pontiac fever: brief influenza-like illness, less dangerous
40
legionella pneumonia: diagnosis
immonofluorescent stain on sputum sample or bronchoalveolar lavage antigen detection in urine only for serogroup 1 serology only for serogroup 1
41
legionella pneumonia: treatment
high dose iv erythromycin alone or + rifampicin
42
pasteurella multocida: character
present in mouth and throat of many animals (especially cats)
43
pasteurella multocida: transmission
animal bites
44
pasteurella multocida: clinical presentations
cellulitis, osteomyelitis
45
pasteurella multocida: treatment
penicillin, co-amoxiclav (infected bites are often polymicrobial)
46
brucella spp.: character
naturally infects a variety of farm animals
47
brucella spp.: transmission
zoonosis (direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated meat/milk/cheese)
48
brucella spp.: clinical presentations
``` brucellosis = maltese fever pyrexia of unknown origin, undulant fevers chronic brucellosis (low grade fever with malaise) bone and joint symptoms, osteomyelitis endocarditis ```
49
brucella spp.: diagnosis
blood culture, serologu | colonies positive for urease
50
brucella spp.: treatment
doxycycline + streptomycin
51
brucella spp.: prevention
pasteurisation of milk kills brucella spp., vaccinate farm animals
52
acinetobacter baumannii: character
environmental normal skin flora
53
acinetobacter baumannii: clinical presentations
nosocomial pneumonia (often multi resistant)
54
name the 3 bacteria of yersinia spp.
y. enterocolitica, y. pseudotuberculosis | y. pestis
55
y. enterocolitica, y. pseudotuberculosis: clinical presentations
gastroenteritis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, septicaemia
56
y. enterocolitica, y. pseudotuberculosos: diagnosis
culture from stool or blood, serology
57
yersinia pestis: histology + character
saftety pin appearance infects rodents
58
yersinia pestis: transmission
zoonosis (often through the bite of rat flea), respiratory droplets
59
yersinia pestis: clinical presentations
bubo formation (painful swelling of lymph nodes) with subsequent invasion of bloodstream giving rise to pneumonia and septicaemia
60
yersinia pestis: diagnosis
microscopy and culture of sputum or blood

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