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Physio II > Fat > Flashcards

Fat Flashcards

1
Q

What are the products of fat oxidation?

A

CO2 + H2O + ATP

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2
Q

What type of fat is responsible for heat generation?

A

brown fat

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3
Q

BMI calculation?

A

BMI = weight (lbs) x 703 / height (inches)

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4
Q

T or F: BMI increases w/ age?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

BMI > 30 is considered?

A

Obese

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6
Q

BMI 25-29.5 is considered?

A

Overweight

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7
Q

BMI 18.5-24.9 is considered

A

healthy lean

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8
Q

BMI < 18.5 is considered?

A

Underweight

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9
Q

Dyslipidemia/hypderlipidemia can lead to what BMI classification?

A

Obese

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of adipocytes?

A

White, brown, beige

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11
Q

What are the 2 fat depots?

A

WAT BAT

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12
Q

BAT is greatest in what age range?

A

Infancy Decreases w/ age

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13
Q

Cold temperatures stimulate TSH to release T3/4 or epinephrine to produce heat?

A

Cold → TSH → T4/3 → UCP1 (uncoupling protein-1) → mitochondria → + FA = heat production

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14
Q

How does stress lead to heat production?

A

Stress → Epinephrine → G-protein 2nd msgr → TG breakdown to FA → mitochondria → + UCP1 = heat production

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15
Q

Does TSH & T3/T4 or Epinephrine allow for the direct transfer of food energy into heat energy?

A

TSH & T3/T4

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16
Q

T3, Epi, cold, hepativ bile acids, ANP, BNP and irisin (skeletal muscle hormone) stimulates what adipocyte?

A

Beige

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17
Q

What hormone promotes fuel storage and stimulates antilipolytics effect? ↑ LPL → converts TG to FA ↑ GLUT 4 → ↑ glucose uptake in adipocytes Inhibits hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

A

Insulin

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18
Q

What hormones stimulate the lipolytic effect? (4)

A
  1. Epi (via HSL and adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL)) 2. Cortisol 3. Glucagon 4. GH
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19
Q

What hormone does not regulate fuel metabolites due to slow onset to adjust blood levels of nutrients?

A

Thyroid hormone

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20
Q

Does the subQ depot or visceral depot provide FA for energey during exercise?

A

subQ depot

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21
Q

Do women have higher subQ depots or visceral depots?

A

subQ due to higher whole body insulin sensitivity (gynecoid adiposity)

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22
Q

Do women have higher or lower whole body sensitivity to insulin?

A

Higher (gynecoid adiposity)

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23
Q

Do men have higher subQ depots or visceral depots?

A

Visceral (omental and mesenteric)

24
Q

In the visceral depot, blood drain via what to clear FA by the liver?

A

Hepatic portal

25
Do men have higher or lower sensitivity anti-lipolytic effects of insulin?
Lower (android adiposity)
26
What hormone leads to android adiposity in men?
Testosterone
27
Is hypertrophy of adipocytes reversible?
Yes
28
Is hyperplasia ( ↑ # adipocytes) of adipocytes reversible?
No
29
TNFa & Interleukin 6 have what effect on inflammation?
proinflammatory adipokines
30
What pro-inflammatory adipokine regulates cytokines that promote tumor growth?
Interleukin 1
31
Hypertrophy of adipocytes → Diffusion limited hypoxia → necrotic conditions → ↑ macrophages. M1 macrophages → pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor a) → inhibits insulin action What does this pathway result in?
Insulin resistance, low grade inflammation → ↑ ROS, ↑ CA risk
32
What are the 2 hormones of the adipose organ (adipokine)?
Leptin Adiponectin
33
What adipokine regulates metabolism and provides feedback signal on appetite?
Leptin
34
What adipokine is insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory?
Adiponectin
35
Resistin, a hormone of glucose metabolism, ↑ LDL and is associated with what form of DM?
T2DM
36
What hormone of glucose metabolism has a role body metabolism, insulin sensitivity and is anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and CV protective?
Omentin
37
What hormone of glucose metabolism is released from visceral fat and binds insulin receptor → hypoglycemic effect?
Visfatin
38
Significant and rapid weight loss will have what effect on leptin levels?
Reduced leptin levels (not fully recoverable, low levels of leptin regained = weight regained)
39
In healthy condition, leptin will inhibit the secretion of what?
Insulin (via negative feedback)
40
Negative feedback from leptin on insulin produces what effect on glucose?
Gluconeogenesis by agal stimulation, muscle, heart, BAT glucose uptake (via ANS- sympathetic NA)
41
What happens if negative feedback by leptin on insulin is lost? (4)
1. hyperinsulinemia 2. ↑ weight gain 3. aggravates DM 4. ↑ leptin (which increases appetite)
42
What are the 3 primary beneficial affects of adiponectin?
1. Increased insulin sensitivity 2. Anti-inflammatory 3. Anti-atherogenic
43
What tissue releases adiponectin?
WAT (low levels w obesity)
44
What effect does adiponectin have on CV tissue?
Cardioprotective in heart/ endothelium, decreases BP
45
What effect does adiponectin have on skeletal muscle?
Increases GLUT4
46
What effect does adiponectin have on the liver?
Increased glucose uptake and energy storage
47
Adiponectin acts as an autocrine signal in adipose tissue to exert what effects?
Promotes adipogenesis and insulin-directed glucose transport
48
Leptin signaling in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) results in release of neuropeptides that exert control of what?
Appetite
49
Ghrelin released from the stomach peaks before food and falls after meals to increase and decrease what hormones?
Increase NYP (neuropeptide Y) Decrease leptin and POMC (melanocortins)
50
With respect to leptin signaling, what proteins act to suppress appetite? (**anorexigenic**)
Melanocortins (**POMC**) (**leptin** also anorexigenic)
51
With respect to leptin signaling, what proteins act to stimulate? (**orexigenic**)
Neuropeptide Y (**NPY**) and agouti-related protein (**AgRP**) (these proteins also decrease BMR and fertility)
52
What **anorexigenic** POMC is secreted from adipose tissue, is essential for body weight regulation, and shows reduced levels with weight loss?
Leptin
53
What **anorexigenic** POMC acts to inhibit NYP cells?
Insulin
54
What **anorexigenic** POMC acts by slowing gastric emptying resulting in satiety?
Amylin
55
What **anorexigenic** POMC is **produced in the intestines** and acts to inhibit NPY neurons?
Peptide PTT
56
What **anorexigenic** POMC is released from the mucosal lining of the small intestine and acts to signal satiety in response to a meal?
Cholcystokinin (CCK)
57
With respect to **anorexigenic** inputs, a decrease in **CRF** inhibits what?
HPA axis

Physio II (14 decks)

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