Fat and Carbs

Question 1

Nutrition

Answer 1

The process of taking in molecules that promote growth and the replacement of injured tissues.

Question 2

Founder of the field of nutrition

Answer 2

Antoine Lavoiser He first discovered the big three. Carbs. Protein. Fat.

Question 3

Food/feed

Answer 3

Edible material that nourishes

Question 4

Diet

Answer 4

Mixture of feeds

Question 5

Ration

Answer 5

I daily supply of diet (amount)

Question 6

Nutrient

Answer 6

Element or compound in daily diet needed to promote normal life processes.

Question 7

NRC

Answer 7

National research Council

Question 8

Average animal body is compromised of:

Answer 8

60% water
16% protein
20% fat
4% minerals

Question 9

Diet and ration are determined by:

Answer 9

What nutrients are in the feed. What nutrients are being digested and what aren’t.

Question 10

Methods of feed analysis are:

Answer 10

– Dry matter determination (percent water)
– energy content of food
– proximate analysis
– specific analysis

Question 11

Equation for determining dry matter

Answer 11

Percent dry matter / by wet weight

Question 12

Nitrogen free extract

Answer 12

the fraction that contains the sugars and starches plus small amounts of other materials

Question 13

Fat

Answer 13

Fat functions as a secondary energy source

• essential fatty acid source
• Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
• cholesterol source

Question 14

Essential fatty acids

Answer 14

LinoleicLinolenic Arachodonic

Question 15

Essential fatty acids promote:

Answer 15

Major cell membrane structure Myelin structure prostaglandin smooth muscle structureBP

Question 16

Vitamins that are fat soluble? That is required for these to be absorbency G.I. tract

Answer 16

A D E K

Question 17

Cholesterol

Answer 17

• Makes bile for fat digestion
• precursor to make sex hormones
• homeostasis
• reproduction

Question 18

Green overload

Answer 18

nutritional problem with ruminants.

-occurs what the diet consists primarily of easily digestible carbs

Question 19

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 19

Excess blood glucose levels

- type I type II

Question 20

Diabetes mellitus type I

Answer 20

Insulin-dependent. does not make insulin. needs insulin injections.

Question 21

Diabetes mellitus type II

Answer 21

Non-insolent dependent. Insulin made but tissues are resistant.

Question 22

Causes of diabetes mellitus

Answer 22

– Insulin not made, or not being absorbed
Symptoms:
frequent high-volume urination sugaring urine ,skin infections ,visual problems, itching, weakness

Question 23

Fat

Answer 23

– Energy source
– essential fatty acid source
– carrier fat-soluble vitamins

Question 24

Catabolism for carbohydrates (breakdown)

Answer 24

– Only glucose can be broken down in small intestine
– larger sugars and starches are broken down by specific enzymes in the GI track
– enzyme deficiencies can result in diarrhea and possible death

Question 25

Catabolism for cellulose breakdown

Answer 25

Requires the enzyme cellulase that is only produced by bacteria in the rumen and cecum fermenters – larger plants combined cellulose with ligin less able to be broken down

Question 26

Catabolism fermentation of cellulose

Answer 26

Bacteria produce volatile fatty acids as an energy product for absorption instead of glucose – VFA is absorbed in colon

Question 27

VFAs

Answer 27

Butyric Acetic Propionic

Question 28

anabolism (buildup) of carbs

Answer 28

Tiny amount of carbs can be stored as glycogen in the liver for later breakdown for energy – requires dehydration synthesis for blood glucose

Question 29

Where are high concentrations of carbs found?

Answer 29

– Cereal grains – none cereal grains – milling byproducts

Question 30

Cereal grain examples are _________.

Answer 30

Corn, millet, wheat, barley, oats, rice, rice,

Question 31

Non-cereal grains

Answer 31

Buckwheat | sprouted wheat

Question 32

Cereal Milling byproducts

Answer 32

Wheat bran rice bran corn gluten

Question 33

Where high carbs found?

Answer 33

Fruits and tubers – fruit juices and fruit pulps – sugars

Question 34

Ketosis

Answer 34

Excess ketones (extra acetyl CoA) in body tissues, when the body is having to create a lot of glucose

Question 35

Ketonemia

Answer 35

increase of ketone bodies in the blood

Question 36

Ketonuria

Answer 36

a condition where ketone bodies are found in the urine.

Question 37

Types of ketosis

Answer 37

Ketonemia | Ketonuria

Question 38

Causes of ketosis in ruminants

Answer 38

High demand for glucose in ruminants must be made in the body – starvation Causing lack of glucose availability, so the body must take it from proteins/fats

Question 39

Symptoms of ketosis

Answer 39

Weight loss, decreased milk production, abortion, increased drinking and urination, fruity smell of breath

Question 40

grain overload

Answer 40

– Problem for ruminants Fed diets high in readily available carbohydrates

Question 41

carbs that improves intestinal motility in species that can't use them for energy are called _____________ carbs.

Answer 41

structural carbs

Question 42

starch is what kind of carbohydrate?

Answer 42

storage

Question 43

_________is when a plant becomes harder, and animals have increased trouble digesting.

Answer 43

lignification

Question 44

normal blood glucose level must be kept ________.

Answer 44

steady

Question 45

name the two pancreatic hormones that convert glucose to glycogen and vs.

Answer 45

Glyogon | insulin

Question 46

Treatment for diabetes mellitus?

Answer 46

- blood testing insulin injections in type I - oral drugs that increase insulin production and sensitivity for type II - low carb, high protein, small frequent meals

Question 47

________ is the hydrolisis of triglycerides in __________ tissue.

Answer 47

lipolysis, adipose

Question 48

from lipolysis _____ _______ can be used as an energy source.

Answer 48

fatty acids

Question 49

Essential fatty acids are ?

Answer 49

linoleic, linolenic, arachodonic

Question 50

Linoleic linolenic and arachodonic EFAs are important because they...

Answer 50

``` major cell membrane structure myelin structure prostaglandins structure smooth muscle BP ```

Question 51

the buildup of fat molecules is called _________.

Answer 51

anabolism

Question 52

anabolism of fatty acids are ________

Answer 52

triglycerides

Question 53

triglycerides are synthesized in the _______, ______ ________, ___________.

Answer 53

liver adipose tissue mammary glands