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Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

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1
Q

List the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, K, E

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2
Q

Main difference between macronutrients and micronutrients

A

Micronutrients are non-energy yielding

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3
Q

General properties of fat soluble vitamins

A 
Soluble in fat and fat solvents
Excess stored in body
Excreted via bile
Deficiencies are slow to develop
Not necessary to consume daily
Have precursors or provitamins
Contain only CHO
Absorbed via lymphatic system
Some are toxic
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4
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin cannot be stored in the body?

A

Vitamin K

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5
Q

Chemical Name for Vitamin A

A

Preformed: Retinoids
ProVitamin: Caratenoids (main form beta-carotene

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6
Q

Vitamin A RDA

A

900 μg for men; 700 μg for women (preformed)

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7
Q

Foods with Vitamin A (retinoids)

A

animal products- liver, eggs, fish, fish oils, fortified milk and dairy

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8
Q

Foods with Vitamin A (caratenoids)

A

dark green and yellow/red vegetables, some fruits

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9
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin cannot be stored in the body?

A

Vitamin K

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10
Q

Chemical Name for Vitamin A

A

Preformed: Retinoids
ProVitamin: Caratenoids (main form beta-carotene

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11
Q

Vitamin A RDA

A

900 μg for men; 700 μg for women (preformed)

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12
Q

Foods with Vitamin A (retinoids)

A

animal products- liver, eggs, fish, fish oils, fortified milk and dairy

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13
Q

Foods with Vitamin A (caratenoids)

A

dark green and yellow/red vegetables, some fruits

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14
Q

General Digestion, Absorption, Transport, Storage and Excretion of Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

Enzymes (especially from the pancreas) release vitamins from food during digestion –> bile aids in absorption in the SI along with dietary fat –> primarily stored in liver –> minimal excretion via bile

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15
Q

Vitamin A absorption

A

Dependent on fat in the diet; requires bile, digestive enzymes, integration into micelles

  • 90% retinoids absorbed
  • 3% caratenoids absorbed
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16
Q

The Visual Cycle

A

Cones: responsible for vision under bright lights. translate objects to color vision
Rods: responsible for vision in dim lights, translate objects to black and white

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17
Q

Vitamin A Storage

A

90% in liver

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18
Q

Vitamin A Excretion

A

mostly stored, minimally excreted via bile

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19
Q

Vitamin A Functions

A

Growth and Development
vision
reproduction
immunity

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20
Q

Vitamin A and Vision

A

Retinal turns visual light into nerve signals

Retinoic acid helps maintain normal differentiation of cells in the eye (cornea, rod cells)

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21
Q

Vitamin A and Immune Function

A

maintains epithelial cells- skin’s first line of defense

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22
Q

Rhodopsin

A

a molecule in rod cells that contain opsin and cis-retinal (Vitamin A)

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23
Q

Rhodopsin and bleaching process

A 
Exposure to bright light
cis-retinal to trans-retinal
Opsin released from retinal
Signal to brain
Retinal reused, some lost
Rhodopsin reformed
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24
Q

Vitamin A and growth and development

A

Retinoic acid is necessary for cellular differentiation
Embryo development and gene expression
Synthesis of bone protein and bone enlargement

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25
Vitamin A and cell health and maintenance
Retinoic acid influences how cells differentiate and mature
26
Vitamin A and Immune Function
maintains epithelial cells- skin's first line of defense
27
Vitamin A assessment
serum (blood)
28
Xerophthalmia
Irreversible blindness due to Vitamin A deficiency Night blindness --> decreased mucus production --> Development of Bitot’s spots, conjunctival xerosis --> Keratomatacia (softening of cornea)--> scarring
29
Follicular hyperkeratosis
Vitamin A deficiency: Normal underlying epithelial cells are replaced with keratinized cells and hair cells become plugged with keratin, rough and bumpy skin
30
Hypervitaminosis A
Vitamin A toxicity Acute: headache, stomach ache, blurred vision, muscular uncoordination Chronic: bone/muscle pain, hip fractures, skin disorders, hair loss, increased liver size Teratogenic: spontaneous abortion and birth defects
31
Hypercarotenemia
Beta-carotene toxicity: skin turns yellow/orange
32
Vitamin A assessment
serum (blood)
33
Vitamin D chemical name
califerol
34
food sources of Vitamin D
Vitamin D3: eggs, milk, butter, fatty fish, fish liver oil | Vitamin D2: plants, fortified milk and cereals
35
Vitamin D RDA
19-50 years: 15 mg/day (600 IU/d)
36
Functions of Vitamin D
Regulates blood calcium levels Calcitrol: Increased intestinal absorption of Ca, helps release Ca from bone into blood (with PTH) = higher Ca level in blood Bone growth and maintenance Cell differentiation: cancer cells (skin, breast, bone); skin cells, linked to reduction in development of breast, colon, & prostate cancers
37
Vitamin D absorption
80% consumed is absorbed in micelles with dietary fat in small intestine
38
Vitamin D transport:
via chylomicrons via lymphatic system
39
Vitamin D storage
mainly in stored in fat tissue, or converted to 25-OH in liver and circulated throughout body. When stores are low kidneys are used to form D
40
Measuring Vitamin D
``` Measure serum (blood) Serum 25-(OH)-D Levels will vary with season, latitude, age ```
41
Functions of Vitamin D
Regulates blood calcium levels Calcitrol: Increased intestinal absorption of Ca, helps release Ca from bone into blood (with PTH) = higher Ca level in blood Bone growth and maintenance Cell differentiation: cancer cells (skin, breast, bone); skin cells, linked to reduction in development of breast, colon, & prostate cancers
42
Vitamin D deficiency
``` Can be due to: Low or no exposure to sunlight Decreased milk consumption Fat malabsorption (Skin pigmentation) ``` Rickets Osteomalacia
43
Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency: Inadequate bone mineralization in children Symptoms: Bowed legs Outward bowed chest Knobs on ribs Delayed closing of fontanel; rapid enlargement of head Muscle spasms
44
Vitamin K non-food sources
synthesized by bacteria in colon (10% absorbed)
45
Measuring Vitamin D
``` Measure serum (blood) Serum 25-(OH)-D Levels will vary with season, latitude, age ```
46
Vitamin K Chemical Name
Quinones K1: phylloquinones K2: menaquinones K3: menadione
47
Vitamin K AI
Men: 120 micrograms/day Women: 90 micrograms/day
48
Vitamin K food sources
K1: green leafy vegetables, broccoli, peas, green beans, vegetable K2: animal tissues (liver, milk; intestinal bacteria)
49
Vitamin K non-food sources
synthesized by bacteria in colon
50
Vitamin K absorption
requires bile and pancreatic enzymes; 40-80% of dietary K is absorbed; 10% of synthesized (from bacteria)
51
Vitamin K transport
via lipoproteins
52
Vitamin K storage
limited amount stored in liver
53
Who is susceptible to Vitamin K deficiency
newborns people taking certain anticoagulants or antibiotics impaired fat absorption low intake of green vegetables (in older adults)
54
Vitamin K functions
Converts glutamate to gamma-carboxyglutamate so that it is able to bind with Ca Synthesis of blood clotting factors (prothrombin & others) Synthesis of bone proteins Blood vessel functions
55
Vitamin K and bone formation
Synthesis of bone gla proteins Osteocalcin secreted by osteoblasts Matrix gla protein found in protein matrix of bone Ca binding properties
56
Vitamin K deficiency
Impaired fat absorption, hemmorage, bone/hip fractures
57
Vitamin K toxicity
Not common, but can affect anticoagulant drugs
58
Who is susceptible to Vitamin K deficiency
newborns people taking certain anticoagulants or antibiotics impaired fat absorption low intake of green vegetables (in older adults)
59
Transport of Vitamin E
via chylomicrons to liver where it is incorporated into liproproteins
60
Vitamin E Chemical Name
Tocopherols; Tocotrienols | main type: alpha tocopherol
61
Vitamin E RDA
15 mg/day for women and men
62
Foods high in Vitamin E
Plant oils, nuts & seeds, wheat germ, asparagus
63
Vitamin E additional functions
Prevents cell lysis Protects PUFAs within the cell membrane and plasma lipoproteins Prevents the alteration of cell’s DNA and risk for cancer development Limits LDL oxidation, a contributor to atherosclerosis
64
Transport of Vitamin E
via chylomicrons
65
Storage of Vitamin E
stored in adipose tissue, muscle, liver | found in cell membranes (associated with phospholipids)
66
Excretion of Vitamin E
via bile, some in urine
67
Vitamin E main function
ANTIOXIDANT donates electron to oxidizing agent and protects the cell from attack by free radicals and interrupts chain reaction in lipid membrane
68
Vitamin E additional functions
Prevents cell lysis Protects PUFAs within the cell membrane and plasma lipoproteins Prevents the alteration of cell’s DNA and risk for cancer development Limits LDL oxidation, a contributor to atherosclerosis
69
Vitamin E Deficiency
Hemolytic anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
70
Hemolytic anemia
Hemolysis, ruptured RBC membranes (Vitamin E deficiency)
71
Free Radicals and disease
precancerous changes to DNA, oxidation of blood cholesterol initiating steps to heart disease, disabling lipids in cell membranes and proteins can lead to a variety of diseases
72
Who is at risk for Vitamin E deficiency
``` Premature infants (limited stores, rapid growth) People with fat malabsorption ```
73
Vitamin E toxicity
Hemorrhagic Inhibits vitamin K metabolism and anticoagulants In premature infants, large oral or intravenous dose (10-30 mg E-Ferol) associated with kidney and liver failure.
74
Measuring Vitamin E in body
Serum vitamin E concentration (blood); Erythrocyte hemolysis test (functional)
75
Free Radicals
Molecule with unpaired electron, unstable Include singlet oxygen, H2O2, ·OH, O2·-,O3, NO· Generated in environment: air pollutants, cigarette smoke, pesticide Generated in body: normal cell metabolism, immune system Can destroy lipid membranes, DNA, protein and initiate a chain reaction creating more free radicals
76
Free Radicals and disease
precancerous changes to DNA, oxidation of blood cholesterol initiating steps to heart disease, disabling lipids in cell membranes and proteins can lead to a variety of diseases
77
Antioxidants in food
``` Vitamin E Glutathione peroxidase (Se) Superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn, Mn) Catalase Phytochemicals (carotenoids) Vitamin C ``` **combo is better than any one antioxidant

Vitamins (3 decks)

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