FATTY ACUD, KETONE BODY, AND TRIACYGLYCEROL METABOLISM

Question 1

are long-chain carboxylic acids. They are the main component of triglycerides, which are stored in fat cells and used for energy.
(Examples: palmitic, oleic, linoleic, stearic acids)

Answer 1

Fatty acids (FAs)

Question 2

FAs are highly ____in water

Answer 2

insoluble

Question 3

are also structural components of membrane lipids, such as phospholipids and glycolipids.

Answer 3

Fatty acids

Question 4

They are ___ in nature (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Answer 4

amphipathic

Question 5

are a type of lipid that are the building blocks of fats, oils, and waxes. They are carboxylic acids with a long, unbranched hydrocarbon chain

Answer 5

Fatty acids

Question 6

Long-chain polyunsaturated FAs with first double bond starting with 3rd carbon from the methyl end.

Answer 6

Omega-3 fatty acids:

Question 7

They reduce serum triglycerides, blood pressure and risk for heart disease

Answer 7

Omega-3 fatty acids:

Question 8

Major source: Omega-3 fatty acids:

Answer 8

Fish (or in fatty fish, such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel.)

Question 9

Long-chain polyunsaturated FAs with first double bond starting with 6th carbon from the methyl end .

They reduce serum cholesterol

Answer 9

Omega-6 fatty acids

Question 10

Omega-6 fatty acids Major source:

Answer 10

Vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

Question 11

are fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own and must obtain from the diet.

Answer 11

Essential fatty acids (EFAs)

Question 12

Symptoms of ___: dry, scaly skin, hair loss, and brittle nails

Answer 12

essential fatty acid deficiency

Question 13

: is an omega-6 fatty acid.

Answer 13

Linoleic acid (precursor of arachidonic acid)

Question 14

are essential for the production of prostaglandins

Answer 14

Omega-6 fatty acids

Question 15

which are hormone-like substances that regulate a variety of cellular processes, including inflammation, blood pressure, and blood clotting.)

Answer 15

prostaglandins

Question 16

is an omega-3 fatty acid.

Answer 16

Alpha-linolenic acid

Question 17

are important for brain development,heart health, and inflammation

Answer 17

(Omega-3 fatty acids

Question 18

Essential fatty acids are components of the ___, which is the outermost layer of the skin.

Answer 18

stratum corneum

Question 19

Essential fatty acids are also involved in the production of ___ (lipids that are essential for maintaining the skin’s water barrier.)

Answer 19

ceramides

Question 20

is the process by which the body makes fatty acids from scratch.
It occurs primarily in the liver, lactating mammary glands, and adipose tissue.

Answer 20

De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids

Question 21

De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids Steps

Answer 21

Step 1: Production of Cytosolic Acetyl Coenzyme A
Step 2: Carboxylation of Acetyl Coenzyme A to Malonyl Coenzyme A
Step 3: Elongation of the Fatty Acid Chain
Step 4: Termination of the Fatty Acid Chain

Question 22

where acetyl CoA is condensed with oxaloacetate to form citrate

Answer 22

citrate shuttle

Question 23

Acetyl CoA can also be synthesized from pyruvate in the cytosol. This occurs through a series of reactions known as ___

Answer 23

glycolysis

Question 24

Once cytosolic acetyl CoA is available, it is carboxylated to malonyl CoA by ___

Answer 24

acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC

Question 25

The fatty acid chain is elongated by the addition of two-carbon units from malonyl CoA. This process is catalyzed by ___

Answer 25

fatty acid synthase (FAS).

Question 26

When dietary fat intake is ____, the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis decreases.

Answer 26

high

Question 27

insulin -__ the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis,

Answer 27

stimulates

Question 28

epinephrine and glucagon __it.

Answer 28

inhibit

Question 29

is allosterically activated by citrate

Answer 29

acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)

Question 30

acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) is allosterically activated by citrate and ___by long-chain fatty acyl CoA

Answer 30

inactivated

Question 31

the primary form of energy storage in the body. Constitutes majority of dietary lipids synthesized in the liver and adipose tissue. Stored in adipocytes (fat cells) as energy reservoir.

Answer 31

Triacylglycerols or Triglycerides (TAGs)

Question 32

TAGs are synthesized from ___

Answer 32

glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acyl

Question 33

is the process of breaking down TAGs into fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer 33

Lipolysis

Question 34

Lipolysis is initiated by ___, which generates a diacylglycerol.

Answer 34

adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)

Question 35

__ then converts the diacylglycerol to a monoacylglycerol.

Answer 35

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)

Question 36

___ converts the monoacylglycerol to glycerol and a free fatty acid.

Answer 36

monoacylglycerol lipase

Question 37

is the key enzyme in lipolysis.

Answer 37

HSL

Question 38

Insulin inhibits lipolysis by:

Answer 38

dephosphorylating HSL and, by suppressing the expression of ATGL

Question 39

Red blood cells and the brain cannot use fatty acids for energy because they lack ___

Answer 39

mitochondria

Question 40

Over 50% of the fatty acids released from adipose TAGs are reesterified to ___

Answer 40

glycerol 3-phosphate

Question 41

are three water-soluble compounds (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) that are produced by the liver from fatty acids. They act as an alternative fuel source when glucose levels are low.

Answer 41

Ketone bodies

Question 42

produced in the liver through a process called ___. is activated when glucose levels are low, such as during fasting or prolonged exercise.

Answer 42

ketogenesis. Ketogenesis

Question 43

Ketone bodies are __in water.

Answer 43

soluble

Question 44

most abundant ketone body

Answer 44

3-hydroxybutyrate

Question 45

___ converts 3-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate.

Answer 45

3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (3-HBDH)

Question 46

___converts acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA.

Answer 46

acetoacetate CoA transferase (thiophorase)

Question 47

If the rate of ketone body production exceeds the rate of ketone body utilization, ketone bodies will begin to accumulate in the blood (ketonemia) and urine (ketonuria). This is known as

Answer 47

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Question 48

symptoms: Fruity odor on the breath Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Shortness of breath Confusion Drowsiness

Answer 48

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).