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BIOCHEM FINALS > FATTY ACUD, KETONE BODY, AND TRIACYGLYCEROL METABOLISM > Flashcards

FATTY ACUD, KETONE BODY, AND TRIACYGLYCEROL METABOLISM Flashcards

1
Q

are long-chain carboxylic acids. They are the main component of triglycerides, which are stored in fat cells and used for energy.
(Examples: palmitic, oleic, linoleic, stearic acids)

A

Fatty acids (FAs)

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2
Q

FAs are highly ____in water

A

insoluble

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3
Q

are also structural components of membrane lipids, such as phospholipids and glycolipids.

A

Fatty acids

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4
Q

They are ___ in nature (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

amphipathic

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5
Q

are a type of lipid that are the building blocks of fats, oils, and waxes. They are carboxylic acids with a long, unbranched hydrocarbon chain

A

Fatty acids

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6
Q

Long-chain polyunsaturated FAs with first double bond starting with 3rd carbon from the methyl end.

A

Omega-3 fatty acids:

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7
Q

They reduce serum triglycerides, blood pressure and risk for heart disease

A

Omega-3 fatty acids:

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8
Q

Major source: Omega-3 fatty acids:

A

Fish (or in fatty fish, such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel.)

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9
Q

Long-chain polyunsaturated FAs with first double bond starting with 6th carbon from the methyl end .

They reduce serum cholesterol

A

Omega-6 fatty acids

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10
Q

Omega-6 fatty acids Major source:

A

Vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

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11
Q

are fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own and must obtain from the diet.

A

Essential fatty acids (EFAs)

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12
Q

Symptoms of ___: dry, scaly skin, hair loss, and brittle nails

A

essential fatty acid deficiency

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13
Q

: is an omega-6 fatty acid.

A

Linoleic acid (precursor of arachidonic acid)

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14
Q

are essential for the production of prostaglandins

A

Omega-6 fatty acids

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15
Q

which are hormone-like substances that regulate a variety of cellular processes, including inflammation, blood pressure, and blood clotting.)

A

prostaglandins

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16
Q

is an omega-3 fatty acid.

A

Alpha-linolenic acid

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17
Q

are important for brain development,heart health, and inflammation

A

(Omega-3 fatty acids

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18
Q

Essential fatty acids are components of the ___, which is the outermost layer of the skin.

A

stratum corneum

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19
Q

Essential fatty acids are also involved in the production of ___ (lipids that are essential for maintaining the skin’s water barrier.)

A

ceramides

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20
Q

is the process by which the body makes fatty acids from scratch.
It occurs primarily in the liver, lactating mammary glands, and adipose tissue.

A

De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids

21
Q

De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids Steps

A

Step 1: Production of Cytosolic Acetyl Coenzyme A
Step 2: Carboxylation of Acetyl Coenzyme A to Malonyl Coenzyme A
Step 3: Elongation of the Fatty Acid Chain
Step 4: Termination of the Fatty Acid Chain

22
Q

where acetyl CoA is condensed with oxaloacetate to form citrate

A

citrate shuttle

23
Q

Acetyl CoA can also be synthesized from pyruvate in the cytosol. This occurs through a series of reactions known as ___

A

glycolysis

24
Q

Once cytosolic acetyl CoA is available, it is carboxylated to malonyl CoA by ___

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC

25
Q

The fatty acid chain is elongated by the addition of two-carbon units from malonyl CoA. This process is catalyzed by ___

A

fatty acid synthase (FAS).

26
Q

When dietary fat intake is ____, the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis decreases.

A

high

27
Q

insulin -__ the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis,

A

stimulates

28
Q

epinephrine and glucagon __it.

A

inhibit

29
Q

is allosterically activated by citrate

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)

30
Q

acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) is allosterically activated by citrate and ___by long-chain fatty acyl CoA

A

inactivated

31
Q

the primary form of energy storage in the body.

Constitutes majority of dietary lipids

synthesized in the liver and adipose tissue.

Stored in adipocytes (fat cells) as energy reservoir.

A

Triacylglycerols or Triglycerides (TAGs)

32
Q

TAGs are synthesized from ___

A

glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acyl

33
Q

is the process of breaking down TAGs into fatty acids and glycerol.

A

Lipolysis

34
Q

Lipolysis is initiated by ___, which generates a diacylglycerol.

A

adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)

35
Q

__ then converts the diacylglycerol to a monoacylglycerol.

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)

36
Q

___ converts the monoacylglycerol to glycerol and a free fatty acid.

A

monoacylglycerol lipase

37
Q

is the key enzyme in lipolysis.

A

HSL

38
Q

Insulin inhibits lipolysis by:

A

dephosphorylating HSL and,
by suppressing the expression of ATGL

39
Q

Red blood cells and the brain cannot use fatty acids for energy because they lack ___

A

mitochondria

40
Q

Over 50% of the fatty acids released from adipose TAGs are reesterified to ___

A

glycerol 3-phosphate

41
Q

are three water-soluble compounds (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) that are produced by the liver from fatty acids. They act as an alternative fuel source when glucose levels are low.

A

Ketone bodies

42
Q

produced in the liver through a process called ___. is activated when glucose levels are low, such as during fasting or prolonged exercise.

A

ketogenesis. Ketogenesis

43
Q

Ketone bodies are __in water.

A

soluble

44
Q

most abundant ketone body

A

3-hydroxybutyrate

45
Q

___ converts 3-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate.

A

3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (3-HBDH)

46
Q

___converts acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA.

A

acetoacetate CoA transferase (thiophorase)

47
Q

If the rate of ketone body production exceeds the rate of ketone body utilization, ketone bodies will begin to accumulate in the blood (ketonemia) and urine (ketonuria). This is known as

A

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

48
Q

symptoms:
Fruity odor on the breath
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Shortness of breath
Confusion
Drowsiness

A

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

BIOCHEM FINALS (6 decks)

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