Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LAST NEURO EVER > FB & LS > Flashcards

FB & LS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What information does NOT pass through thalamus?

A

olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main subdivisions of the thalamus?

A 
anterior
medial
lateral
intralaminar
reticular
midline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What nuclei are in the anterior division of the thalamus?

A

anterior nucleus (AN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What nuclei are in the medial division of the thalamus?

A

dorsomedial nucleus (DM or MD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What nuclei are in the lateral division of the thalamus?

A

dorsal tier:

  • lateral dorsal (LD)
  • lateral posterior (LP)
  • pulvinar

ventral tier:

  • ventral anterior (VA)
  • ventral lateral (VL)
  • ventral posterior lateral (VPL)
  • ventral posterior medial (VPM)
  • medial geniculate (MGN)
  • lateral geniculate (LGN)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What nuclei are in the intralaminar division of the thalamus?

A

centromedian
parafasicular
& others (didn’t really talk much about this division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What defines the major divisions of the thalamus?

A

internal medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What connects the two parts of the thalamus (R and L)?

A

massa intermedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the general theme of the thalamic nuclei (expect reticular)?

A

all nuclei consist of:

  • projections neurons from the thalamus to the cortex
  • interneurons, which inhibit the projection neurons (inhibit thalamic output)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two basic types of thalamic inputs?

A

specific outputs: convey info from a thalamic nucleus nearly directly to cortex. this info is mostly from subcortical areas. example: medial lemniscus to VPL or optic tract to LGN (then onto cortex)

regulatory inputs: thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it receives before passing it along to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three categories of thalamic nuclei?

A

relay nuclei
association nuclei
intralaminar/midline nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to relay thalamic nuclei work?

A

they get well defined, specific info from a subcortical source (such as medial lemniscus)

they project to a well defined area of cortex (such as somatosensory cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do association thalamic nuclei work?

A

they get info from association cortex (such as prefrontal cortex)

they send info back to the same association cortex area

basically, information is processed first (like recognizing an object) and then sent to the thalamus for further examination. the thalamus isn’t getting “raw” info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do intralaminar/midline thalamic nuclei work?

A

they get info from specific inputs (basal ganglia and limbic structures)

they send into back to cortex, basal ganglia and limbic structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do reticular thalamic nuclei work?

A

-important source of regulatory input to thalamus

  • input from cortex and thalamus
  • output is inhibitory axons to thalamus

structure relates to function: nucleus is a thin sheet of neurons covering thalamus, so info must go through it to enter/leave thalamus

NO PROJECTIONS TO CORTEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

VPL

VPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the motor relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

VA

VL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the limbic relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Anterior nucleus

LD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inputs/outputs: anterior thalamic nucleus

A

input: mamillothalamic tract, hippocampus (aka limbic structures)
output: cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inputs/outputs: lateral dorsal (LD) thalamic nucleus

A

input: hippocampus (limbic)
output: cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Inputs/outputs: VA/VL thalamic nucleus

A

input: basal ganglia (mostly VA), cerebellum (mostly VL)
output: motor areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inputs/outputs: VPL thalamic nucleus

A

input: medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract (ALP)
output: somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Inputs/outputs: VPM thalamic nucleus
input: trigeminal system output: somatosensory cortex
26
Inputs/outputs: MGN thalamic nucleus
input: brachium of inferior colliculus output: auditory cortex
27
Inputs/outputs: LGN thalamic nucleus
input: optic tract output: visual cortex
28
What are the two main association thalamic nuclei and where do they project?
DM and pulvinar DM projects to prefrontal cortex Pulvinar projects to parietal-occipital-temporal complex
29
What makes up the lenticular nucleus?
putamen and globus pallidus
30
What is the main function of the internal capsule?
almost all fibers going to and from the cortex pass through the IC (thalamocortical/corticothalamic fibers)
31
What forms the cerebral peduncle, and what passes through it?
the cerebral peduncle is formed by the IC corticopontine, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers descend it
32
What are the parts of the internal capsule?
``` anterior limb posterior limb gene retrolenticular sublenticular ``` (based on relationship to lenticular nucleus)
33
What thalamic nuclei does the anterior limb of the IC transmit?
anterior nucleus | DM
34
What thalamic nuclei does the posterior limb of the IC transmit?
VA/VL | VPL/VPM
35
What thalamic nuclei does the sublenticular limb of the IC transmit?
MGN also superior visual field of LGN
36
What thalamic nuclei does the retrolenticular limb of the IC transmit?
Pulvinar/LP also inferior visual field of LGN
37
What is the superior border of the hypothalamus?
hypothalamic sulcus
38
What is the anterior border of the hypothalamus?
lamina terminalis
39
What is the posterior border of the hypothalamus?
midbrain tegmentum
40
What is the medial border of the hypothalamus?
3rd ventricle
41
What is the lateral border of the hypothalamus?
internal capsule
42
How is the hypothalamus usually organized?
medial-lateral organization lateral: rostral continuation of reticular formation (contains medial forebrain bundle, MFB) periventricular: rostral continuation of PAG (contains dorsal longitudinal fasciculus) medial: contains nuclei
43
What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional and somatic functions; maintains homeostasis
44
What are the three main types of connections with the hypothalamus?
1. interconnected with limbic system 2. output to pituitary gland 3. interconnects autonomic/somatic systems
45
Where does the superior hypophyseal a. go?
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
46
Where does the inferior hypophyseal a. go?
neurohypophysis (post pituitary)
47
How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?
neuroendocrine cells release products into capillaries that drain into cavernous sinus and then into general circulation
48
What are the two types of nuclei that control the pituitary gland and what part of the gland do they go to?
parvocellular (short): control adenohypophysis through tuberoinfundibular tract magnocellular (long): control neurohypophysis
49
What are the magnocellular nuclei?
paraventricular nuc. supraoptic nuc. (to neurohyp)
50
What are the parvocellular nuclei?
pre optic nuc. ventromedial nuc. arcuate nuc. (to adenohyp)
51
What hormones are released by the adenohypophysis?
ACTH, thyrotropin, growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH | not directly secreted by hypothalamus--hyp releases stimulating/inhibiting hormones
52
What hormones are released by the neurohypophysis?
vasopressin/ADH (increases water uptake by kidney, decreases urine output) oxytocin
53
What happens if you don't have any vasopressin/ADH?
diabetes insipidus you pee a lot
54
What happens if you stimulate the anterior hypothalamus?
parasympathetic effects via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
55
What happens if you stimulate the posterior hypothalamus?
sympathetic effects via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
56
What creates the appestat?
interplay of lateral/ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei -- can be altered by serotonin levels
57
What happens if you stimulate the lateral hypothalamic nucleus? fuck it up?
stimulate: feed lesion: refuse food
58
What happens if you stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus? fuck it up?
stimulate: refuse food (also very docile) lesion: feed (also very mean and aggressive)
59
What makes the flight/flight or tend/befriend response?
hypothalamus men: ACTH, cortisol released women: oxytocin
60
What are the 2 main areas that give input to the hypothalamus?
1. parts of forebrain, esp limbic system (needed so hypothalamus can meditate autonomic/somatic aspects of emotional stress) 2. brainstem and spinal cord (visceral and sensory info from body)
61
What are the key structures projecting to the hypothalamus from the forebrain?
septal nuclei, ventral stratum, insula, orbitofrontal cortex (all via MFB) hippocampus (via fornix) amygdala (via stria terminalis, ventral amygdalofugal pathway)
62
How does info from the brain and spinal cord get to the hypothalamus?
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, MFB | mostly
63
How does info get out of the hypothalamus?
the same pathways that it entered through
64
What is the main function of the limbic systeM/
generate feelings/emotions from sensory inputs memory
65
What are the parts of the limbic system?
cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, parts of cortex
66
What is the main function of the amygdala?
emotional responses (esp fear)
67
What is the main function of the hippocampus?
learning and memory
68
What are the afferents to the hippocampus?
mostly sensory info from entorhinal cortex also input from septal nuclei, which is mostly modulatory (affects chances that info in hippocampus will be retained)
69
What are the three distinct zones of the hippocampus?
dental gyrus hippocampus proper subiculum (transition between hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex)
70
Describe the afferent connections of the hippocampus
1. Afferent fibers from sensory cortex to entorhinal cortex 2. entorhinal projects to dentate gyrus (perforant pathway) 3. Dentate neuron projects to CA3 4. CA3 neuron projects into fimbria and CA1 5. CA1 neuron projects to subiculum 6. Subirulum projects to fimbria (alvear pathway) and back to entorhinal 7. entorhinal projects to sensory cortex
71
What is the perforant pathway?
when the entorhinal cortex projects to the dentate gyrus
72
What is the alvear pathway?
when the subiculum projects to the fimbria
73
What is the "gateway" of the hippocampus?
entorhinal cortex
74
What are the efferent connections of the hippocampus?
mainly from the entorhinal cortex also from the fimbria
75
What axons project from the fimbria?
from CA3 and subiculum
76
Where do the precommisural fibers of the fimbria project?
septal area, ventral striatum
77
Where do the postcommisural fibers of the fimbria project?
mammillary body of hypothalamus
78
Describe the Papez circuit
1. neurons in cingulate gyrus project back to entorhinal cortex 2. entorhinal cortex projects into hippocampus 3. info goes through the fornix into mammillary bodies 4. info goes from mammillary bodies to the thalamus (mammaillothalamic tract) 5. projections from anterior nucleus of the thalamus to cingulate gyrus loop begins again this is how memories are processed
79
explicit memory
recall facts/events aka declarative or episodic memory long term
80
semantic memory
pertains to spoken/written words, facts, concepts long term
81
implicit memory
performing a learned motor function (bike) long term
82
How are novel facts stored as memories?
new facts are relayed from sensory association areas to hippocampus, where they are processed and encoded and sent back to the association are (papez circuit). recollection of the memory does not usually require the hippocampus
83
What happens with bilateral removal of the hippocampus? (HM)
could not form new episodic or semantic memories, but his working memory was intact and he could learn new skills
84
What does the left hippocampus do?
encode novel material involving language
85
What does the right hippocampus do?
engaged in spatial tasks like driving a car
86
What are the three nuclear groups of the amygdala and what do they do?
medial: olfaction central-hypothal/PAG: emotional responses basolateral-cortex: emotional responses
87
Describe the afferent connections to the amygdala
- ALL sensory association areas have direct input to lateral nucleus - basically, you think about things (like oh thats a spider) and then its sent to the amygdala and you're like oh shit THATS A SPIDER
88
What gives you a sense of general physical comfort/discomfort?
orbital cortex and cingulate gyrus projections to the amygdala
89
How does the amygdala get visceral sensory info?
from brainstem and PAG msotly
90
What are the two major amygdala fiber pathways (into and out of amygdala)?
stria terminalis ventral amygdalogufal pathway
91
Where does the stria terminals go?
connects the amygdala with the hypothalamus and septal nuclei, then onto the medial forebrain bundle and central tegmental tract (brainstem) its a thin white matter band running right under the fimbria
92
Where does the ventral amygdalofugal pathway go?
to/from the amygdala to the thalamus, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens
93
What is kluver-bucy sydnrom
injury to amygdala causes animals to be placcid, fearless, hyper sexual, and have visual agnosia
94
What is the nucleus accumbens aka ventral striatum?
in the anterior brain where the caudate and putamen meet its the limbic part of the basal ganglia involved in drug addiction--gets dopamine release from ventral tegmental area, makes you feel high. creates loop--associate stimuli with rewards (addiction)

LAST NEURO EVER (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions