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FCS Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the science of human development? pg 4

A

Seeks to understand how and why people — all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age — change over time.
Nurture (environment) vs Nature (genetic makeup) - how environment impacts people from birth throughout life.

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2
Q

Explain the relationship between nature and nurture. pg 5

A

Nature - refers to the influence of genes that people inherit.
Nurture - refers to environmental influences, beginning with the health and diet of the embryo’s mother and continuing lifelong, including family school, community, and society.
Basic question: How much of any characteristic, behavior, or emotion is the result of genes and how much is the result of experience?

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3
Q

What part of personal development does Erikson’s psychosocial theory focus on? pg 19

A

Social behavior and how it reacts within different social situations.

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4
Q

What is the focus of behaviorism? pg 19

A

to observe behavior that can be seen and measured.

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5
Q

According to Piaget, what are the two ways that we adapt new information? pg 23

A

Assimilation - new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas.
Accommodation - old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences

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6
Q

How did Bronfenbrenner try to help us understand the different levels of human development? pg 24

A

by using the ecological systems theory - The view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.
Ex: microsystems, exosystems, macrosystems, chronosystem.

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7
Q

As a fetus begins to develop, what is the first organ system that shows activity? pg 60

A

cardiovascular system

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8
Q

Which stage of prenatal development is the longest? pg 60

A

The fetal period

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9
Q

What are the five characteristics of a newborn that are evaluated by the APGAR test? pg 63

A

heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color and reflexes

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10
Q

Explain what a teratogen is? pg 73

A

Agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death.
Environment - lead, x-ray

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11
Q

Be familiar with the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory. pg 106-107

A

Stage 1 - sensorimotor
Stage 2 - preoperational
Stage 3 - concrete operational
stage 4 - formal operational

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12
Q

Be able to explain fine motor skills and gross motor skills. pg 94-96

A

Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping. (The world gross mean big)

Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawinga dn picking up a coin. (the word fine means small)

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13
Q

What are some things parents can do to prevent SIDS. pg 102

A
  1. put kids to sleep on backs
  2. Don’t co sleep
    Some risks: low birth weight, heavy clothing, soft bedding, teenage parenthood.
  3. No blankets/pillows in the bed
  4. don’t smoke
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14
Q

What is the order of spoken language development? pg 112

A

Bold headings in book - refer to chart and take subheading

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15
Q

About how old is the infant when the social smile appears? pg124

A

6 weeks

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16
Q

Explain stranger wariness. pg 125

A

Expressed when an infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but instead cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close, too quickly.

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17
Q

In Erikson’s first stage, what is crisis? pg 131

A

trust versus mistrust, when infants learn whether the world can be trusted to satisfy their basic needs.

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18
Q

Be familiar with the social learning theory. pg 132

A

The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others.
Bandura - bobo doll
imitation of behaviors
monkey see monkey do

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19
Q

Explain a sign or characteristic that demonstrates that a child has a secure attachment. pg 142

A

infants feel comfortable and confident. They are comforted by closeness to the caregiver, which provides confidence to explore. The caregiver becomes a base for exploration, giving assurance that it is safe to venture forth. A toddler might, for example, scramble down from the caregiver’s lap to play with a toy but periodically look back, vocalize a few syllables, and return for a hug.

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20
Q

What kind of thinking is difficult for children who are in Piaget’s preoperational stage? pg 171

A

“logical” and operational thinking

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21
Q

Explain centration. pg 171

A

A characteristic of peoperational thought - piaget whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others.

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22
Q

In Vygotsky’s theory, what term does Vygotsky use to describe children? pg 173

A

apprentice in thinking

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23
Q

Be familiar with parenting styles. pg 210

A

Authoritarian - High behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication.
Permissive - high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control.
Authoritative - set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children.
Neglectful/uninvolved - indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives.

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24
Q

Explain pro-social behavior. pg 215

A

Actions that are helpful and kind but that are of no obvious benefit to the person doing them.

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25
What is anti-social behavior. pg 215
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.
26
Identify the focus of behavior theorists and cognitive theorists. pg 224
How behavior develops - skinner and how intelectual abilities are developing - piaget, vygotsky.
27
In Piaget's Cognitive development theory, what type of thinking are children in the middle childhood stage able to do? pg 239
Concrete operational thought
28
What can children between the ages of 5-7 apply logical principles to? pg 239
concrete situations - situations that deal with visible, tangible things.
29
Define transitive inference. pg 240
The ability to figure out (infer) the unspoken link (transfer) between one fact and another.
30
What are Sternberg's three types of intelligence? pg 259
Analytical Creative Practical
31
Which learning disability is difficult to diagnose? pg 265
dyslexia
32
According to Erikson, what is the crisis that school-age children experience? pg 273
industry vs inferiority
33
What is the most common family type for children in the United States? pg 283
Nuclear family - two parent homes - married couple and their biological offspring
34
What are the characteristics of and aggressive rejected child? pg 294
They are disliked because they antagonistic and confrontational. They like to irritate and are annoying.
35
What are characteristic of girls who bully? pg 295
sharp tongued, they harass shyer more soft spoken girls, mocking, ridiculing, and spreading rumors (verbal aggression)
36
What is puberty? pg 310
The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.
37
How can family conflict and stress impact the beginning of puberty pg 314
increased production of hormones thus puberty arrives earlier
38
Define personal fable. pg 327
An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's.
39
Which stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory do adolescents fit in? pg 328
Formal operational thought
40
What is the most prominent aspects of adolescent thought? pg 330
hypothetical thought - reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality. deductive reasoning - reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics. Inductive reasoning - Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction. Egocentric Imaginary Audience - I have to be perfect because someone might see me. Personal fable - Nobody knows how I feel Invincible - nothing is going to happen to me.
41
What is the stage in Erikson's theory that adolescent's fall into? pg 348
Identity vs role confusion
42
In connection to identity, explain foreclosure. pg 348
Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parent's or society's roles and values wholesale without questioning or analysis.
43
As children become adolescents, what happens to their feelings of competence? pg 366
less self confidence. Self esteem for boys as well as girls dips at puberty.
44
How are adolescents often treated for depression? pg 369
anti-depressants like prozac What is one of the downfalls of giving anti - depressants to children Little research done on how it affects them Therapy
45
What is gender role? pg 350
a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female. Boys will be boys - trucks Girls will be girls - barbies
46
What happens to the self esteem of young or emerging adults? pg 405
They feel quite pleased with themselves and feel an increase in happiness.
47
What is a distinct activity of emerging or young adulthood? pg 391
Greater willingness to take risks of all sorts, not just sexual ones. Ex. Edge work
48
According to Erikson, what is the crisis that develops in emerging adulthood? pg 408
Isolation vs intimacy
49
Where do emerging adults find intimacy? pg 411
in relationships with friends and romantic partners
50
What impact does cohabitation have on couples that eventually decide to marry? pg 114
Domestic violence and excessive drinking are more likely to occur among young adults who cohabit and married couples are more likely to divorce if they cohabited before marriage.
51
How do our appearances change as we reach middle adulthood? pg 420
Collagen, the connective tissue of the body, decreases by about 1 percent per year. Skin becomes less flexible and wrinkles become visible. Double chin, sagging skin. Hair turns gray and gets thinner. Pockets of fat. Muscles weaken.
52
What is it that almost everyone needs by the time they reach the end of middle adulthood? pg 421
bifocals
53
What is the average age when menopause begins? pg 424
51
54
What do men experience while women experience menopause? pg 425
andropause- drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in a reduction in sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass.
55
Explain fluid and crystallized intelligence. pg 440
Fluid - those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Abilities such as working memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking are usually considered aspects of fluid intelligence. Crystallized intelligence - those types of intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning. Vocabulary and general information are examples.
56
Who developed the multiple intelligence theory (9 distinctive intelligences)? pg 442
Howard Gardner - first seven intelligences - the ways that we are smart.
57
If a person who is a middle adult fails to reach generativity, then they experience? pg 456
stagnation
58
How many stages are in Maslow's theory? pg 457
5
59
Explain some of the behaviors of a mid life crisis. pg 459
period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that is widely associated with middle age but that actually has more to do with developmental history than with chronological age.
60
As adults age, what happens to their friendships? pg 465
they tend to improve with age. By adulthood almost all friendships are close, few are ambivalent, and almost none are problematic.
61
People who are productive in an unselfish and caring way are demonstrating. pg 473
generativity
62
Define sandwich generation. pg 477
The generation of middle aged people who are supposedly squeezed by the needs of the younger and older members of their families. In reality some adults do feel pressured by these obligations, but most are not burdened by them, either because they enjoy fulfilling them or because they choose to take on only some of them or none of them.
63
What are the three most common ways to satisfy generativity? pg 473
creativity, care giving, and employment
64
who would be most likely to have a stable personality? pg 460-461
ages 30-50; stability is more evident than change
65
Why do we not recognize the young old as late adults? pg 499
because age is not the determining factor. While an 80 year old could be young old a 65 year old with poor health could be old old.
66
What is dementia? pg 517
Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain dame or disease. Dementia becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old.
67
What happens to the brains of alzheimer victims? pg 518
gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of betamyloid protein and tangles of tau protein in the brain.
68
What is the first stage of alzheimer's disease? pg 518
the affected person is particularly likely to forget names and places and to become disoriented in his or her own neighborhood. Personality may change as well.
69
Explain what is meant by life review. pg 524
an examination of one's own part in life, which often takes the form of stories written or spoken by elderly people who want to share them with younger ones.
70
What is Erikson's final crisis of development? pg 530
Integrity vs despair
71
What is an intermediate form of care for older adults? pg 559
assisted living
72
What are three major stratification categories that can limit choice at every stage of life? pg 533-535
age, gender, ethnicity
73
Why might elderly men be more troubled by losing a spouse? pg 547
they are less comforted by their families and they have fewer men friends who have lost a partner. In addition, men typically find it difficult to seek and accept help.
74
What is the most important buffer against loss that comes from retirement and widowhood? pg 553
friends
75
What characteristics should you look for when selecting a preschool?
Low teacher student ratio | caring teachers
76
moritorium acheivement diffusion
Erikson

FCS Final Exam (1 decks)

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