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Cell : The Unit Of Life > Feautures Of Cell > Flashcards

Feautures Of Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell wall is

A

Rigid(can be flexible during growing stage)
Non living membrane
Barrier for macromolecules(not micro)
Function : cell to cell interact
Provide shape and structure
Provide protection
Formation :
Algae- cellulose,galactans,mannans,caco3
Plant- cellulose,hemicellulose,pectin,pro.
Fungi- chitin(nag)
Bacteria-eubacterial: peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria:pseudomurein

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

Universal,Selectively permeable,interact with outside world

Study done on - RBC( because doesn’t have nucleus)

Composed mainly of - lipids+proteins

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Discovered - Robert brown(1931)
Is brain of cell,contain chromosome,which contain dna(2 membrane)
1.Structure :
Outernuclear space
Inner nuclear space
Internembranous space(10-50)
2.Chromatin:
Dna+RNA= nucleic acid
Histone+non histone= protein
Protein+ nuclei acid = nucleo protein
(Chromatin- term
given by Flemming)
3.Nature - stained by basic dye
Because Acidic nature
‘One’ per cell
Absent-In mammalian,trachied,seive tube
>1nucleus - phycomycetes,paramecium
Nuclear pore - To send material inside
& Out
Nucleolus - membraneless
rRNA factory(continue with
Nucleoplasm)
rRNA ↑
ribosome↑
Protein↑

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Universal,Is a arena for cellular organisation,to keep the cell alive and it occupies the space in cell

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5
Q

Ribosome

A

Discovered by George palade(called palade particle) in 1953.It is universal because it is membraneless,smallest cell organelle,
Called protein factory,
In prokaryotic- attach to membrane
In eukaryotic- 70s in mitoc and chloroplast,80s in RER(s stand for svedberg unit,sendimentation co-efficient.
Single mRNA+ribosome=polysome/polyribosome

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6
Q

Centrosome

A

help in cell division
Structure - membraneless,organelle
2centriole+pericentriole space
Found - In animal
Function - form basal body of
cilia&flagella to help in
formation of spindle fibre
for cell division

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cell( flagella)

A

Flagella - extention of cell membrane
Extended from cell wall
Responsible for cell motility
Number - very less
Size - very large
Consist of :
Filament - longest part
Hook -btw
Basal body - centriole like

Prok. Flagella - flagellimn protein
Euka. Flagella - tubulin protein

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8
Q

Prokaryotic ( pili )

A

Pili - elongated tube like structure that helps in transfer of dna from one bacteria to other
Formation - pili protein
Called- conjugation tube/sex pili

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9
Q

Prokaryotic ( fimbrae )

A

Fimbrae - small bristle like structure
Sprouting out of the cell

Number - thousand
Function - provide grip to bacteria so that
It can sit on rock or host body

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10
Q

Prokaryotic ( mesosome )

A

Infolding of cell membrane

Types: Tubule
Lamella
Vesicle
Function: cell wall formation
Secretion
DNA replication and distributon
Respiration
Surface area increase

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11
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Structure - membraneless
Lie freely in cytoplasm
Store reserve material

Phosphate granule - stores phosphate
Glycogen granule - stores glycogen
Cyanophycean - store pigment
Gas Vacuole - provide buoyancy

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12
Q

Shape of bacteria 🦠

A

1.Cocus - round eg: streptococcus
2.bacillus - rod like eg: lactobacillus
( Endospore in middle made of co-dipicolinic acid)
3.vibro - coma shape eg: vibro cholarae
4.spirullum - spiral like with flagella at both end eg: spirullum minus

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13
Q

Bacteria 2 categories on the basis of cell wall

A

Given by : christian Gram
Basis: cell wall
Gram positive : Retain the stain
Thick cell wall
Crystal violet
Gram negative : doesn’t retain stain
Crystal voilet-saffranin pink
Thin cell wall

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14
Q

Cell envelope

A

Found in : prokaryotic( bacterial cell )
Consisted of : 3 layers( protective sheath)
Outermost- glycocalyx
Middle- cell wall
Inner most- cell membrane

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15
Q

Glycocalyx : Types

A

Zig zag - slimy/loose
Prevent from drying
Rainbow - tough layer/hard layer
Capsule like
For protection

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16
Q

Lipids

A

Majorly phospholipids found in membrane
Composed of - polar head(hydrophilic)
Tail(hydrophobic)
Eg: In RBC - 40%
In myelien - 70-80%
. Can move Flip flop and laterally
Benefits - In cell growth
2.cell division
3.secretion
4.endocytosis

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17
Q

Protein

A

Type (Based on their extraction:)

Peripheral - easily extracted
eg: peripheral protein
Intergral- hardly extracted,fully in layer
Act as transporter called trans
Membrane protein eg:
transprotein ,intergral protein
Eg: In RBC - 52%
Can move laterally but not flip flop

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18
Q

Fluid mosaic model

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A

Given by - singer and nicolson(1972)
Most accepted
Composed of - lipids(quasi fluid)
Protein(dry fruit in pudding)

Found in outer membrane( make it
Assemetrical)
Carbohydrate+lipid - glycolipid
Carbohydrate+protein - glycoprotein

19
Q

Transport (across cell membrane)

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A

Diffusion of h2o is called osmosis
Passive transport : no ATP
High conc. to low conc.
Type : 1.simple diffusion
Neutral molecule
2.facilitated diffusion
Polar molecule
Active transport- ATP needed(Na/k pump)
Against the conc. gradient

20
Q

Cell wall growth

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A

plasmodermata- cytoplasmic strand or
tube that connects two
Plant cell
Middle lamella - join two plant cell
Made of calcium pectate
1° wall - outermost layer
Deminish
2° wall - can’t grow,rigid

21
Q

Endomembrane system (eukaryotes)

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A

Meaning: inside the cell,there is a system
Of membraneous organelle that function
In a coordinated way

Includes: endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Lysosome(sucidal bag)
Vacuole(storage)
Do not include: Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Peroxisome

22
Q

Lysosome(sucidal bags)

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A

Formation - Vesicle of Golgi complex
Function - Activated at acidic PH(has hydrolytic enzymes which produce H+ pump)

Protease - break protein
Lipase - break lipids
Amylase - break carbohydrate
Nuclease - break nucleic acid

23
Q

RER forms

Study These Flashcards
A

Protein/glycoprotein
Have ribosome
Present close to nuclear envelope

24
Q

SER forms

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A

Lipids/glycolipid
Steroids

25
RER AND SER HELPS IN
Take the protein or lipids inside or outside the cell
26
Golgi complex is
site of pacakaging,Glycosylation of protein & lipid
27
Endoplasmic reticulum
In cytoplasm scattered tube like structure present Types- 2 1.luminal (inside) 2.Extra luminal(outside in cytoplasm)
28
Golgi complex
Discovered by - camillo Golgi(1898) Structure - dense Near nucleus (after ER) Tube like called cisternae(arranged parallely and concentrically) Diameter - 0.5-1.0
29
Vacuole
Can accupy more than 90% space Like sao(sugar,N contain bacteria,h20,excretory waste,pigment(like anthocyanine which give colour to flower) Structure - Single membrane Type: 1.Contractile Vacuole : In amoeba Help in excretion and osmoregulation 2.food Vacuole : In protist Food particle are sent to vacuole
30
Endosymbiotic theory
It states that the bacteria engulf the photosynthetic cell(chloroplast ) and aerobic cell( Mitochondria)
31
Features/characters similar btw bacteria and Mitochondria/chloroplast
1.DNA - both have ds circular dna 2.RIBOSOME - both 70s 3.SIZE - bacteria: 1-2 Mitoch. :diameter- 0.2-1(0.25) Length- 1-4.1(2.5) 4.INITIATOR CODON - formyl methionine 5.REPRODUCTION - binary fusion(divides into equal cell)
32
Mitochondria
Is semi autonomous Needs to be stained for visibility("JANUS GREEN") Called - power house of cell ATP synthesis Size - Diameter : 0.2-1(0.25) Length : 1-4.1(2.5) Numbers - metabolism high/low Energy demand high/low Mitochondria no. High/low Shape - outer: more permeable Cylindrical shape Inner: infolding of memb.(Cristae) less permeable Sausage shape Electron transport chain +nt Inner compartment:Kreb cycle takes place inside . Have proteins . 70s ribosome . Many RNA molecules . Homogenous dence Material filled
33
Chloroplast
Found in - All plants & euglenoids(connecting link btw plants and animals) Size - six time bigger than mitochondria length: 5-10(7.5) Diameter: 2-4(3) Number - is variable Chlamydomonas- 1 Mesophyll cella - 20-40 Types-: 1.chloroplast - make plant green Chlorophyll+ carotenoids 2.chromoplast- fat soluble pigment Carotene+xanthophyll 3.leucoplast - Need to store substance For amyloplast - store starch Aleuroplast- store protein Elaioplast - store oil & fat
34
Chloroplast : structure
1.Thylakoid- membraneous sac like structure Inside - thylakoid lumen 2.Stacks of thylakoid - grana(for light rxn) 3.Stroma - connect two '2' grana .For dark rxn 4.Proteins 5.DNA
35
Cytoskeletal : Structure
Cyto means cell Skeletal means frame Network of filamentous protein Present in - eukaryotes Types : 1.Microfilament/actin 2.intermediate filament 3.microtubule Diameter: microtubule (25) Interfilamnet(11-12) MF/Actin(6) Function : 1.support 2.shape 3.motility
36
Cilia
Hair like outgrowth of a cell Work like 'oars'(They move the surrounding fluid or the cell) Numbers - thousands Size - very small
37
Core of cilia/flagella = AXONEME
structure:Doublet(9)+singlet(2) 1.singlet(2) - connected by inter singlet bridge 2.central sheath - cover the singlet 3.Doublet(9) - At pheriphery Connected by inter doublet Bridge 4.Radial spoke - connect doublet with Central sheath
38
Centrosome
Structure - membraneless,organelle 2centriole+pericentriole space Found - In animal Function - form basal body of cilia&flagella to help in formation of spindle fibre for cell division
39
Centriole
Triplet(9)+ centre(0) CARTWEEL LIKE Not an organelle Part of centromere Structure - cylindrical 1.Centre - proximal Proteinaceous hub 2.periphery - peripheral triplet 3.Intertriplet bridge - connects Periphery triplet 4. Radial spoke- connect periphery triplet with protein hub
40
Chromosome
Structure - centromere(1° construction) 2 chromatid .Kinetocore(surround centriole) (Spindle fibre is attached,disc like) .Satellite bulb(2°contruction) (Chromosome in which Satellite Found is called SAT chromos.) SAT chromosome - non staining region Small region Location - terminus(end) Contain repetitive DNA TYPE : 1.Metacentric - V shape(Both arms equal) Cenromere at centre 2.sub metacentric - L shape ( Centromere away from centre) 3.Acrocentric - J shape (Centromere is sub terminal) 4.Telocentric - I shape ( Centromere at end )
41
Microbodies
Small organelle,unit membrane Body - peroxisome( provide metabolism) Cytoplasm - enzymes present Peroxide 2h20 ------------ 2h20+02 Dangerous. Harmless
42
Size and shape of bacteria
200+ different cell found in humans For storage : round cell For signal tansmit : nerve cell Micoplasm :0.3(length)(smallest living cell PPLO : 0.1(size)(Type of mycoplasm) Bacteria : 1-2(size) 3-5(length) Typical eukaryotes : 10-20(size) Hunar RBC : 7,biconcave,disc like WBC : amoeboid/irregular Ostrich egg: largest isolated cell Nerve cell : longest cell Virus: non living,size:0.02-0.2 Columnar cell : long,narrow,slender A trachied:cell wall- lignin Help in h20 transport Nucleaus- dead Mesophyll- have chloroplast
43
Important scientist
Scientists: ROBERT HOOKE - first dead cell(1665) Oak plant(cork/dead cell) Empty shells(honey comb like) ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK- See the first Living cell(1674) .See motile cell(10x,5x) .Term - animalcules Important book - Micrographia By Robert HOOKE Cellula-empty shells
44
Cell theory
Given by - 2 scientist Schleidem(German botanist)-1838 .researched on plant . concludes body of plant is made Up of cells which make tissue Schwann(British zoologist)-1839 .researched on animals .outer layer of animal cell is cell Membrane .cell wall is unique feature of Plant cell Cell theroy: Hypothesis by schwann,then Collab with Schleiden. Formulated: STATEMENT1- All living organism are form of cell and product of cell DEMERIT-Didnt tell origin of cell STATEMENT2- All cell arise from pre existing cell(Rudolf virchow) Rudolf virchow - give final shape to cell theory(1855)

Cell : The Unit Of Life (2 decks)

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