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MUSC History > Feb 23 Exam > Flashcards

Feb 23 Exam Flashcards

1
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Gluck
  • “Che faro senza Euridice,” from Orfeo ed Euridice
  • Aria from a reform opera
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2
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title?
  • Genre/Form?
A
  • Johann Stamitz
  • Symphony in Eb Major
  • First movement in sonata form (allegro assai)
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3
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Domenico Scarlatti
  • Sonata in A major
  • One-movement keyboard sonata in binary form
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4
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (OG Bach’s son)
  • Fantasia in C minor for Clavichord
  • Fantasia
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5
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Joseph Haydn
  • Symphony No. in D Major, Le Matin
  • Slow introduction and first movement in sonata form (adagio; allegro)
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6
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Joseph Haydn
  • Opus 33, No. 3, The “Bird” Quartet
  • First movement in sonata form (allegro moderato)
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7
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Joseph Haydn
  • Symphony No. 94, the “Suprise”
  • Second movement in theme-and-variations form (andante)
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8
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
  • Piano Concerto in A Major
  • First movement in concerto-sonata form (allegro)
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9
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • W. A. Mozart
  • Symphony No. 40 in G Minor
  • First movement in sonata form (allegro)
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10
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • W. A. Mozart
  • “Se vuol ballare” from Le nozze di Figaro
  • Aria from an opera buffa
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11
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • W.A. Mozart
  • “Confutatis” from the Requiem
  • Chorus from a Mass
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12
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Ludwig van Beethoven
  • Piano Sonata in C minor (“Pathetique)
  • Slow introduction and first movement in sonata form (Grave; Allegro molto e con brio)
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13
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Ludwig van Beethoven
  • Symphony No. 3 (“Eroica”)
  • Second movement, Funeral March (adagio assai)
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14
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Ludwig van Beethoven
  • String Quartet in Bb Major
  • Fifth of six movements, Cavatina (Adagio molto espressivo)
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15
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Franz Shubert
  • Erlkonig
  • Lied (text is a ballad, music is through composed)
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16
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Hector Berlioz
  • Symphonie Fantastique
  • Programmatic symphony, fourth of five movements, “March to the Scaffold”
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17
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Frederic Chopin
  • Nocturne in Db major
  • Character piece for piano
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18
Q
  • Composer?
  • Title? Where is it from?
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Felix Mendelssohn
  • Piano Trio in D minor
  • First movement in sonata form (Molto allegro ed agitato)
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19
Q

What was the Enlightenment and how did it influence musical style?

A

From church + court ruled society to democratic society

Musical style
- More women singing
- more amateur (having a love for music)
- feeling/sensibility
- symphony
- string quartets
- Galant style)

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20
Q

How does music written in galant style differ from Baroque music?

A

Galant style
- More focused on melody
- More likely to be monophony rather than polyphony
- lighter feel to music/ Major keys
- symetrical in melodic structure

Baroque
- complex ornamentation

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21
Q

What were the characteristics of comic opera in England, Italy, France, and Germany?

A

England: Ballad opera
- Comic opera using re-texted ballads (or other popular songs) and spoken dialogue rather than recitative

Italy: Opera Buffa
- includes recitative

France: Opera comique
- has characters from the everyday world/ they sing a fresh, natural style, and the dialogue is generally spoken, but sometimes it is delivered in recitative.

Germany: Singspiel
- mainly spoken dialogue with some song
- a play with singing and music

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22
Q

What were the reasons behind the operatic reforms initiated by Christoph Willibald Gluck and what were the main features of his operas, as exemplified by Orfeo ed Euridice?

A
  • La Guerre des Bouffons: ‘War of the Buffoons” fought to decide which type of opera was appropriate for the French stage
  • Reform opera: Combined Italian lyricism and French dramatic expression
  • more choruses, less solo arias
  • orchestra drives scene
  • galant style
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23
Q

What was the Concert Spirituel?

A
  • Public concert inaugurated in 1725 within a 700-seat hall situated near the Louvre.
    -A concert series originally of religious music sung in Latin then it came to emphasize purely instrumental symphonies and concertos
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24
Q

Who were two composers of symphonies before Joseph Haydn and what did each of them contribute to the development of the concert symphony?

A

Giovanni Battista Sammartini
- From Northern Italy
- The leader in the creation of the concert symphony.
- He left 80 symphonies, most in three movements (fast/slow/fast)
- trio symphonies

Johann Stamitz
- 58 symphonies and two dozen concertos
- Symphony in Eb Major
- Mannheim Orchestra (all-star orchestra)
- Mannheim crescendo/rocket (adding more rhythms, more instruments, natural crescendo)

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25
Q

Why was the orchestra at Mannheim so renowned?

A
  • They had precise playing, and particularly the uniform bowing among the strings.
  • Stamitz hired all-star instrumentalists.
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26
Q

Why did many middle and upper-class women learn to play the keyboard during the Age of Enlightenment?

A
  • The keyboard was ladylike and more domestic which made it easy access for them
  • Men had more leeway with the instruments they could play but for women, Keyboards were easy to learn and play.
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27
Q

What were the three types of keyboard instruments in common use during the Age of Enlightenment?

A
  • pianoforte (JC Bach)
  • harpsichord (Scarlatti)
  • clavichord (CPE Bach)
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28
Q

What stylistic features are associated with Domenico Scarlatti’s keyboard sonatas?

A
  • Acciaccatura: battered/ bruised. (dissonant downbeat chords)
  • hand-crossing: left hand crossing over the right hand (three-level texture)
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29
Q

What are the main stylistic differences between the music of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Johann Christian Bach?

A

CPE Bach: feeling, intimate and quiet
JC Bach: loud, fortepiano

30
Q

Describe the most important classical forms and how they are typically deployed in multi-movement instrumental works such as symphonies, string quartets, and sonatas.

A
  • Sonata form
  • Rondo Form ABACA or ABACABA/ Cyclic (cycle)
  • Minuet and Trio rounded binary
  • Theme and Variation
31
Q

What are the three sections of sonata form and what typically occurs in each section?

A
  1. Exposition
    - primary theme exposed
  2. Development
    - full of counterpoint and rapid modulations
  3. Recapitulation
    - back to the tonic and returning to the theme from exposition
32
Q

How do the large-scale harmonic processes of sonata form interact with the thematic dimensions of the form?

A
33
Q

Why was Mozart’s childhood unique, and how did musical experiences acquired throughout his childhood shape his musical career?

A
  • He was a child prodigy (so was his sister)
  • His father would have him and his sister perform and go on tour. Went as far as London
  • He was exposed to musical styles all around Europe at a young age.
34
Q

Why did Mozart eventually settle in Vienna rather than his birthplace of Salzburg?

A

There was more to do/ more excitement

35
Q

Why did Mozart write so many piano concertos, and what do his concertos tell us about his career as a virtuoso?

A
  • A concerto is a perfect genre to show off your skills as a composer and as a performer
  • It was a display piece
  • Make money
36
Q

What is the typical format of a concerto by Mozart and how does it compare with a Baroque concerto?

A
  • His concertos are like Baroque concertos in the sense that they are always in three movements (fast/slow/fast).
    1. First movement sets the substantive tone for the work
  • Double exposition: one passive and the other active. (concerto-sonata)
    2. second movement offers contrasting lyrical “song”
    3. Provides a light, dance-like sendoff.
37
Q

What are the stylistic features of Mozart’s late symphonies?

A
  • they are looking forward to the romantic period.
  • G minor symphony
  • Chromaticism
  • A roller coaster of emotions.
38
Q

How did Haydn’s position as Kapellmeister for the Esterhazy family shape his musical career?

A

They were the richest and most influential among the German-speaking people of Hungary.
- Haydn worked for them and made a lot of money and benefits.
- In his contract, he could compose only for the Esterhazy family and his work belonged to the prince.
- Prince Nilolaus played the baryton (viola-like instrument) and would perform the pieces in the Esterhazy court.

39
Q

What are some characteristics of Haydn’s early symphonic style?

A
  • He added a minuet (triple meter dance)
  • concertante style: individual instruments regularly emerge from the orchestral texture to function as soloists.
40
Q

What was the Sturm und Drang movement and how did Haydn apply its principles to his music?

A
  • Aesthetic aimed to frighten, stun, and overcome with emotion
  • refers to a small but significant group of works written around 1770.
41
Q

What were the circumstances surrounding the composition of Mozart’s Requiem in 1791?

A
  • He died in the middle of writing.
  • He wrote it for somebody else who died but it ended up being written for him
42
Q

What contributions did Haydn make to the development of the string quartet?

A
  • He is called the father of the string quartet
  • He composed 68 quartets
  • by the 1770s, the tone of his quartets had become more serious and the individual movements more weighty.
43
Q

What is the significance of the six string quartets that comprise Haydn’s Opus 33?

A
  • Haydn signed a contract with Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy that allowed him to sell his music to whomever he wished. Opus 33 was the product of the arrangement.
  • He added scherzo (joke), playing a joke on the listener because the downbeat of the dance is frequently placed out the sync with the minuet’s three-beat meter, creating syncopations and hemiolas.
44
Q

How did Haydn’s two trips to London during the 1790s influence his compositional activity, both in terms of instrumental and vocal music?

A
  • The first trip he wrote 12 symphonies for Johann Salomon. They were called the London Symphonies..
  • Made him richer than he was with the Esterhazy family.
  • Composed the Suprise Symphony
45
Q

Why did Mozart write some operas in German and others in Italian? Which ones use recitatives and which ones contain spoken dialogue?

A
  • There was a high demand for Italian comic opera
  • opera buffa: recitatives
  • singspiel: spoken dialogue
46
Q

What are the three Mozart operas based on libretti by Lorenzo da Ponte?

A
  • Le nozze di Figaro
  • Don Giovanni
  • Cosi fan tutte
47
Q

What are the dates of Beethoven’s three stylistic periods?

A

Early: 1802
Middle: 1802-1814
Late: 1815-1827

48
Q

How does Beethoven’s musical style change from the beginning of his career until the end?

A
  • In his early years, he followed a more classical style established by Haydn and Mozart.
  • Middle years he would experiment more with dynamics and harmonies. He started going deaf
  • Late years, unconventional forms and heightened sense of spirituality. People helped him finish pieces.
49
Q

How was Beethoven’s early career in Vienna similar to Mozart’s?

A

Both composers relied on patronage and support from aristocratic patrons and wealthy patrons to sustain their careers, especially in their formative years.

50
Q

What is the Heiligenstadt Testament?

A
  • A will written by Beethoven addressed to his two brothers
  • In the will he expresses his innermost feelings about himself and his future prospects, explaining his moody and withdrawn personality, his life in the shadow of deafness, and his determination to prevail in the face of such dire adversity
51
Q

What were the circumstances surrounding the composition of the “Eroica” Symphony and what musical features make it an exemplar of Beethoven’s heroic style?

A
  • Throughout his life, Beethoven was attracted to stories concerning heroes. It came into focus in the figure of Napoleon Bonaparte. His imagination was fired by what Napoleon seemed to represent.
  • Eroica was a dedication to Napoleon basically.
  • had an enlarged scale on which the work is constructed and a heightened expressivity that extends into nonmusical areas.
52
Q

What are some stylistic features of Beethoven’s late string quartets?

A
  • Bypasses 4 movement form
  • replaced by 6 movment form with intense lyricism
  • revives contrapuntal style
53
Q

Why did Schubert have difficulty establishing himself as a musician?

A
  • He was shy, more inclined to make music in intimate surroundings than in harsh public spotlight.
  • not a great performer like Beethoven and Mozart in their youth
  • He got more recognized after he died
  • he was gay.
  • had syphilis, fell into alcohol and narcotics
  • was depressed
54
Q

What is a Schubertiad?

A

Musical parties were assembled by Schubert’s friends where his opera music was often performed. The parties typically ended with dining, dancing, and socializing.

55
Q

What is distinctive about Schubert’s harmonic language, compared with Beethoven and other Viennese composers?

A

Lieds including longer melodies compared to Beethoven’s shorteer ones.

56
Q

What is the difference between a lied that is in strophic form and one that is through composed?

A

Strophic form lied - Each verse has the same melody and usually the same accompaniment (Different text, same music)

Through composed lied - Verses are different melodies (different text, different music)

57
Q

Who was Wolfgang von Goethe?

A

Poet and most celebrated German writer of his time

58
Q

How did the political situation develop in France after the fall of Napoleon?

A

The Bourbon’s were restored as legitimate kings, but the middle classes got more power.

59
Q

What was grand opera and who was the preeminent composer of this type of opera?

A

Grand lengths, use of chorus/ballet, scenic effects

Giocomo Meyerbeer

60
Q

What is the significance of Berlioz’s career as a conductor for understanding his approach toward musical composition?

A

He was awarded the Prix de Rome (Rome Prize) which gave him a 4 year living stipend and 2 year residency at the Villa Medici in Rome

61
Q

What is the program of the Symphonie fantastique?

A

Berlioz’s recount of his infatuation for actress Harriet Smithson

62
Q

What is cyclicism and how does Berlioz create a cyclical form in the Symphonie fantastique?

A

Cyclicism - Recurrence of a theme in several movements of a multi-movement piece

Features in the Symphonie Fantastique suggest Sonata Form

63
Q

How did Chopin earn a living during his years in Paris?

A
  • He was a childhood prodigy and virtuoso perfomer
  • He did piano concerts
64
Q

What are some types of character pieces that Chopin composed?

A
  • the mazurka
  • nocturnes
  • etudes
65
Q

How was Chopin influenced by the Irish composer John Field?

A

John Field reinvented the Nocturne genre, which Chopin famously used (left-hand broken chords, right-hand melody)

66
Q

What was distinctive about Chopin’s approach toward performance?

A
  • His music is always rhythmically alive and filled with light and air
  • Involved a delicate rubato
67
Q

How did musical culture in nineteenth-century Leipzig compare with Paris?

A
  • There was a limitation in instruments
  • there was no English horn, harp, or ophicleide to cover parts from Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique
68
Q

What is noteworthy about Mendelssohn’s family background and musical training?

A
  • His family converted from Judaism to Christianity and they added the Bartholdy to their family name
  • he had a musically talented sister named Fanny
69
Q

How did Mendelssohn contribute to the study of the musical past and to the establishment of a musical canon?

A
  • Bach revival: Bach’s music in its entirety was at last performed, published, and studied
  • His philosophy of programming took a first step toward the establishment of the canon, (generally accepted body of musical works, composed almost entirely in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.)
70
Q

What are some genres in which Mendelssohn composed, and how does his music compare with other Romantic composers?

A
  • Symphonies
  • Concertos
  • String Quartets
  • Piano Trios
  • Sonatas

Mendelssohn’s development is different from Beethoven’s. He tends to keep his melodies intact, only to lead them through a quickly changing tonal environment.

71
Q

What are the components of an early classical symphony?

A
  1. Fast
  2. Slow
  3. Minuet Trio
  4. Fast

MUSC History (4 decks)

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