Feb 7th Content Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What is the only compound the body can use for energy driven processes
A
ATP
2
Q
What is the bioenergy currency in the cells of all tissues
A
ATP
3
Q
Energy is stored between
A
2nd and 3rd phosphate groups
4
Q
Three Energy Systems
A
ATP-PCr, Glycolytic, Oxidative Metabolism
5
Q
ATP-PCr occurs in
A
the cytoplasm
6
Q
Which energy system has the fastest rate of ATP
A
ATP-PCr
7
Q
Which energy system has the shortest duration for producing ATP
A
ATP-PCr
8
Q
ATP-PCr system forms ATP with
A
creatine phosphate without oxygen
9
Q
Glycolytic occurs in
A
the cytoplasm
10
Q
Which energy system has a moderate rate and duration of ATP production
A
Glycolytic
11
Q
Glycolytic energy system breaks down
A
CHO
12
Q
CHO broken down by the glycolytic system is stored
A
in the muscle or glucose delivered to the blood
13
Q
Cho broken down by the glycolytic system s used to
A
resynthesize ATP
14
Q
Oxidative Metabolism occurs in
A
the mitochondria
15
Q
Which energy system has the slowest rate of ATP production
A
Oxidative Metabolism
16
Q
Which energy system has the longest duration at which ATP can be produced
A
Oxidative Metabolism
17
Q
Oxidative Metabolism includes
A
KC and ETC
18
Q
Oxidative Metabolism forms ATO from
A
breakdown of fatty acids using oxygen in the mitochondria
19
Q
Energy derived from reactions are used to drive
A
activity
20
Q
Fat breakdown –>
A
ATP
21
Q
ATP fuels
A
actomyosin cross-bridge cycling
22
Q
Actomyosin cross-bridge cycling reaction catalyzed by
A
mATPase
23
Q
Actomyosin cross-bridge cycling yields
A
energy + ADP + Pi
24
Q
All three energy systems are
A
active at any given time
25
Contribution of energy systems is primarily dependent on
intensity of activity and duration of activity
26
ATP-PCr prevents energy depletion by
quickly reforming ATP from ADP + Pi
27
1 ATP is produced from
1 PCr
28
Enzyme to break apart PCr
creatine kinase (CK)
29
Creatine kinase is highest in which fibers
T2b > T2a > T1
30
The energy from the breakdown of PCr is used for
regenerating ATP
31
How much ATP does the body store at any given time
80-100 g
32
ATP is stored in
muscle on myosin head
33
ATP concentrations during experimentally induced muscle fatigue
only slightly decrease (50-60% of pre-exercise levels)
34
ATP-PCr through CP and creatine kinase reaction serves as
energy reserve for rapidly replenishing ATP
35
ADP + creatine phosphate <--
creatine kinase
36
creatine kinase -->
ATP + creatine
37
Oral bioavailability of ATP is...
not bioavailable, no reason to supplement
38
ATP is well maintained during what duration of sprinting
8-10 s
39
PCr is rapidly depleted during _________ to supply
sprinting; Pi and ADP
40
Adenylate Kinase (myokinase) Reaction
replenish ATP, important for AMP
41
AMP is a
powerful stimulant of glycolysis
42
AMP helps to breakdown more
CHO
43
2 ADP <--
adenylate kinase
44
adenylate kinase -->
ATP + AMP
45
How is the ATP-PCr controlled
law of mass action
46
ATP + H2O <--
ATPase
47
ATPase -->
ADP + Pi + H
48
Buildup of ADP will increase rate of
creatine kinase and adenylate kinase reactions
49
Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study purpose
examine relationship between metabolic status of muscle before a second sprint ad subsequent performance and changes in muscle metabolites during sprint
50
Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study methods
2 maximal cycle ergometer sprints, separated by 4 minutes recovery; main trial, 30 s followed by 30 s, 2nd main trial, 30 s followed by 10s
51
Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study results
power output less on second trial, energy supply increased during trial 2
52
Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study conclusion
completely replenish ATP by 8 minutes, but power output may not be the same
53
End result of glycolysis
lactate
54
Directions of lactate at the end of glycolysis
remain lactate (fast) or shuttled into mitochondria (slow)
55
Formation of lactate is catalyzed by
enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
56
Lactate is highly correlated with
fatigue
57
Resting blood lactate
.5 to 2.2 mmol/L
58
Exercise blood lactate
25 to 30 mmol/L
59
Rate of production of lactate higher in which type of muscle fibers
T2
60
Lactate is used
intermediately, exchanged between different tissues, source of carbon for oxidation, and gluconeogenesis
61
Lactate used in
cori cycle, cell to cell La shuttle, intracellular La shuttle
62
La transported across mitochondria membrane by
MTC1
63
Mitochondria contrain
LDH
64
La is produced and consumed by
same muscle fiber
65
Cori cycle is shuttling of
lactate to liver to form glucose
66
Blood lactate concentrations reflect
lactate production and clearance
67
Normal blood lactate levels return within
1-hour post-exercise
68
Light activity post-exercise clears lactate more than
inactivity
69
Blood lactate accumulation is greatest following
high-intensity, intermittent exercise
70
Cell to Cell La Shuttle contraction takes lactate into
muscle to make ATP' breaks down faster
71
Glycolysis leads to
krebs cycle
72
Pyruvate that eneters mitochondria is converted to
acetyl-CoA
73
One acetyl-CoA is formed it enters the
krebs cycle
74
NADH enters the
ETC to help resynthesize ATP
75
Where does malate-aspartate shuttle predominate
heart
76
here does glycerol-phosphate shuttle predominate
skeletal muscle
77
There is an inverse relationship between
given energy system max rate of ATP production and total amount of ATP capable to be produced over a long period of time
78
Which system has the highest rate of ATP production
phosphagen
79
Which system has the highest capacity of ATP production
oxidation of fats and proteins
80
Which system has the lowest rate of ATP production
oxidation of fats and proteins
81
Which system has the lowest capacity of ATP production
phosphagen
82
Which system is 0-6 s and has a extremely high intensity level
phosphagen
83
Which system is 6-30 s and has a very high intensity level
phosphagen and fast glycolysis
84
Which system is 30 s - 2 minutes and has a high intensity level
fast glycolysis
85
Which system is 2-3 minutes and has a moderate intensity level
fast glycolysis and oxidative
86
Which system is > 3 minutes and has a low intensity level
oxidative
87
The extent to which each of the energy systems contributes to ATP production depends on
primarily intensity of activity and secondarily on duration
88
Phosphocreatine can decrease markedly (50-70%) during
first stage of high intensity exercise and almost eliminated as result of exercise to exhaustion
89
Post-exercise phosphagen repletion can occur in
relatively short period
90
Complete resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within
3-5 minutes
91
Complete phosphocreatine resynthesis can occur within
8 minutes
92
Grams of glycogen stored in muscle
300-400 g
93
Grams of glycogen stored in liver
70-100 g
94
Rate of glycogen is related to
exercise intensity
95
At relative intensities above 60% of maximal oxygen uptake, muscle glycogen becomes
increasingly important energy substrate
96
Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to
post-exercise CHO ingestion
97
Repletion optimal if
.7 to 3 g of CHO per kg of body weight ingested every 2 hours following exercise
98
Effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle PCr
did not result in PCr content
99
Effect of age, diet, and tissue type of PCr response to creatine
who you are effects your benefit; older adults and vegetarians >>>>
100
Mixed muscle glycogen from what muscle fibers
T1 and T2
101
Increase in intensity has more
glycogen depletion
102
Exercise taken to failure will have
similar depletion levels
103
Muscle fiber activation study resuts
similar depletion seen due to failure; T1 and T2 fiber glycogen depletion determined by neither load or repetition during resistance exercise performed to failure
104
CHO supplementation study design
isokinetic bout, treatment, isokinetic bout
105
CHO supplementation study results
deplete less glycogen when training, drink a CHO bev; glycogen isn't limiting factor to perform testing
106
Breakfast Omission Study
for exercise sessions to failure, advisable to recommend consumption of high carb meal before exercise is training in morning
107
Low muscle glycogen concentration study design
one-legged protocol
108
Low muscle glycogen concentration study results
muscle glycogen concentration higher in norm group
stimulate MPS even with low muscle glycogen available
ingestion of PROT/CHO drink enhances anabolic response
commencing training with low muscle glycogen does not impair anabolic response in early recovery period
195 minutes on average to exhaust glycogen on one leg
109
Least effective limiting factors in light exercise
ATP and creatine phosphate, lower pH
110
Most effective limiting factors in light exercise
muscle glycogen, liver glycogen
111
Least effective limiting factors in moderate exercise
ATP and creatine phosphate, fat stores
112
Most effective limiting factors in moderate exercise
muscle glycogen, lower pH
113
Least effective limiting factors in heavy exercise
liver glycogen, fast stores
114
Most effective limiting factors in heavy exercise
lower pH, followed by ATP and creatine phosphate and muscle glycogen
115
Least effective limiting factors in very intense exercise
muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, fat stores, lower pH
116
Most effective limiting factors in very intense exercise
ATP and creatine phosphate
117
Least effective limiting factors in very intense repeated exercise
liver glycogen, fat stores
118
Most effective limiting factors in very intense repeated exercise
ATP and creatine phosphate, muscle glycogen, lower pH
119
Limiting factors
ATP and creatine phosphate, muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, fat stores, lower pH
120
Exercise intensity (% max power output) 0-5s, 30 s, 60s, 90s
0-5 s = 100
30 s = 55
60 s = 35
90 s = 31
121
Contribution of anaerobic mechanisms (%) 0-5s, 30 s, 60s, 90s
0-5 s = 96
30 s = 75
60 s = 50
90 s = 35
122
Contribution of aerobic mechanisms (%) 0-5 s, 30s, 60s, 90s
0-5 s = 4
30 s = 25
60 s = 50
90 s = 65
123
The use of appropriate exercise intensities and rest intervals allows for the “selection” of
specific energy systems during training and results in more efficient and productive regimens
124
Interval training
emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for more efficient energy transfer
125
Combination training
adds aerobic endurance training to training anaerobic athletes to enhance recovery
126
Combination training may reduce
anaerobic performance capabilities; gain in muscle girth, max strength, and speed/power related performance' may be counterproductive to strength/power sports
