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vertebrate anatomy > Feb 9th- 14th > Flashcards

Feb 9th- 14th Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

cyclostomes are ____ and consist of ___ & ____

A

a. Extant
b. hagfish
c. lamprey

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2
Q

characteristics of conodonts & ostracoderm (extinct)

A
  • jawless
  • lack bone
  • single nostril
  • lack paired appendages
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3
Q

what type of feeder are hagfish?

A

scavengers (feed on insides of dead or dying inverts and fish)

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4
Q

what are the teeth-like processes that hagfish have called?

A

rasp/scrape

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5
Q

what is the name of the slime gland that hagfish have?

A

integumentary glands

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6
Q

do hagfish have a larval stage?

A

no –> most likely have direct development w/o metamorphosis

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7
Q

the body fluid in hagfish is ____ to water

A

isosmotic

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8
Q

what is the least derived craniate lineage that still survives?

A

hagfish

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9
Q

hagfish were classified as ____ but have no ____

A

a. vertebrates
b. vertebrae

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10
Q

lamprey

A

rasping tongue
lack bone
ammocoete larvae
some species marine –> all spawn in FW (anadromous)

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11
Q

pre vertebrates –> trends in adaptation

A
  • mechanical changes to pharynx
    • encircling band of muscles
    • cartilage replaced collagen of pharyngeal bars (go back to original shape after contraction
    • filter feeders –> pumping allowed them to grow bigger
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12
Q

agnathans –> vertebrate origin

A
  • expanded pharyngeal pumping
  • deposit feeders “ mud grabbers”
  • less limitation on size
  • adults more benthic, larvae more pelagic
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13
Q

gnathostomes–> vertebrate origin

A
  • switch in feeding methods
  • raptorial feeders: pluck individual particles
  • active predation permitted
  • increased predation- increased size
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13
Q

gnathostomes–> vertebrate origin

A
  • switch in feeding methods
  • raptorial feeders: pluck individual particles
  • active predation permitted
  • increased predation- increased size
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14
Q

SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA - characteristics

A
  1. jaws
  2. paired appendages
  3. three pairs of semicircular canals of the inner ear
  4. notochord
  5. paired nostrils
  6. gill slits
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15
Q

what three lineages do gnathostomata

A

placoderms, elasmobranchs, teleosts

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16
Q

major difference between gnathostomes and agnathans

A

gnathostomes: jaws, agnathans: no jaws

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17
Q

tetrapods include..

A

amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

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18
Q

amniotes are

A

vertebrates w embryos wrapped in amnion

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19
Q

evolution of jaws (agnathans vs gnathostomes)

A

evolved from anterior gill arch

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20
Q

evolution of paired fins (agnathans vs gnathostomes)

A

evolved from paired skin flaps along the ventrolateral body wall

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21
Q

evolution terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapoda)

A

started with dactylous limbed vertebrates (have digits)

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22
Q

evolution of tetrapods with amnion during development

A

removed dependency on aquatic environment for fertilization & embryo development

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23
Q

evolution of amniotes with feathers (Aves)

A

feathers for insulation - exploited for flight

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24
evolution of amniotes with 3 middle ear bones (mammalia)
jaw bones - vibration conduction
25
is osteichthyes a valid taxon?
no, grouping includes : ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes
26
bony fish
ossification of the internal skeleton terminal mouth operculum (bony) internal sac/pouch/bladder fins strengthened by lepidotrichia jaw specialization - improved feeding
27
ray-finned fishes - actinopterygii
operculum no spiral valve long lepidorichia- fins muscles within body scales reduced heterocercal tail extensive distribution developed olfactory system
28
three types of caudal fins
heterocercal homocercal diphycercal
29
heterocercal tail
vertebral column extends into upper lobe - functionally stiffer providing lift to the posterior region of body
30
homocercal
Vertebral column ends with modified vertebrae that support fan-like tail structure (internally asymmetrical) greater versatility for fine movement
31
diphycercal tail
Vertebral column extends to tip without upturning.
32
scales
thin, flexible cycloid and ctenoid scales
32
scales
thin, flexible cycloid and ctenoid scales
33
how does shedding armor help fish?
increases mobility helping fish avoid predators and improve feeding efficiency
34
placoid scales
- shape is curved - tough armor - sandpaper texture - same structure as a tooth
35
purpose of placoid scales
- decrease friction - protection
36
what are the layers of cosmoid scales?
- layer of dentine like cosmine - outer layer of vitrodentine
37
what are ganoid scales?
modified cosmoid scales thick and non-overlapping bony basal layer
38
what are cycloid scales?
thin and overlapping more flexibility grow as the fish grows
39
what are ctenoid scales?
- similar to cycloid scales - with teeth at their posterior edges - reduce hydrodynamic drag
40
polypteridae (Bichirs)
- lungs - air-breatheers - continuous long dorsal fin - diphycercal tail, ganoid scales
41
chondrosteans (sturgeon/paddlefish)
- lack internal ossification
42
fleshy finned fish
- fins at the end of short projecting appendages - used for manuvering in water
43
choanae
external nostrils open internally into the mouth
44
4 groups of gnathostomata
1. placodermi 2. chondrichthyes 3. osteichthyes 4. tetrapoda
45
2 groups of osteichthyes
actinopterygii sacropterygii
46
3 groups under sarcopterygii
1. dipnomorpha 2. actinistia 3. rhipidistia
47
two structures connected to pharynx (evolution of terrestrial vertebrates)
- air-filled cavity functioned as a swim bladder - paired internal nares functioned in chemoreception
48
what can the combination of swim bladder and internal nares be use for on land
to draw in oxygen-rich air through nares into the air-filled cavity
49
what were the bony elements of paired fins modified for
support and movement underwater
50
what did evolved adaptations to air breathing do in terrestrial vertebrates?
- increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity - double circulation to direct deoxygenated blood into the lungs n oxygenated blood out of the lungs to the other body tissues
51
3 periods for the transition from water to life on land
1. devion period 2. carboniferous period 3. Romer's Gap
52
devion period
- appearance of tetrapod ancestors mass extinction event
53
carboniferous period
first 15 mill years tetrapod fossil evidence is lacking
54
Romer's Gap
- low oxygen theory - failed search theory
55
what is tikaalik?
the intermediate between fish and primitive land-living animal
56
tiktaalik has a ___ head and neck like ___ but ___ and ____ like fish
a. flat b. tetrapods c. fins d. scales
57
did tiktaalik have lungs and gills?
yes
58
5 groupings from transition from water to life on land
1. Eusthenopteron 2. panderichthys 3. Tiktaalik 4. Acanthostega 5. Ichthyostega
59
eusthenopteron
lobe finned fish, pelagic
60
panderichthys
-shallow water - longer humerus, flattened skull - can breath air - still has many lepidotrichia
61
Tiktaalik
- weight bearing limb like fins that could take it onto land - pectoral girdle independent of skull - primitive lungs and gills, robust rib cage
62
Acanthostega
-more powerful pelvic limbs - primary aquatic muscualr neck - jaw modifications
63
Ichthyostega
- girdles stronger - limbs - digits - ankle and wrist joints - supportive ribs stronger vertebrae - ear development
64
characteristics in shallow waters/wetlands/swamps/intertidal environments?
- flattened head - air breathing - loss of dorsal fins - limbs - internal nares -lungs from swim bladder - vascularization and 2 circuit system
65
what happened before Romer's gap
-pectorl and pelvic fins initial changes in bones of fins - caudal fin tail - gills-lived in water
66
what happened after Romer's gap?
-lost tail fin - no gills - standard tetrapod limbs, feet and hands with 5 digits - stood upright- no stomach or tail trails with footprints

vertebrate anatomy (5 decks)

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