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vertebrate anatomy > Feb 9th- 14th > Flashcards

Feb 9th- 14th Flashcards

1
Q

cyclostomes are ____ and consist of ___ & ____

A

a. Extant
b. hagfish
c. lamprey

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2
Q

characteristics of conodonts & ostracoderm (extinct)

A
  • jawless
  • lack bone
  • single nostril
  • lack paired appendages
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3
Q

what type of feeder are hagfish?

A

scavengers (feed on insides of dead or dying inverts and fish)

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4
Q

what are the teeth-like processes that hagfish have called?

A

rasp/scrape

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5
Q

what is the name of the slime gland that hagfish have?

A

integumentary glands

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6
Q

do hagfish have a larval stage?

A

no –> most likely have direct development w/o metamorphosis

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7
Q

the body fluid in hagfish is ____ to water

A

isosmotic

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8
Q

what is the least derived craniate lineage that still survives?

A

hagfish

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9
Q

hagfish were classified as ____ but have no ____

A

a. vertebrates
b. vertebrae

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10
Q

lamprey

A

rasping tongue
lack bone
ammocoete larvae
some species marine –> all spawn in FW (anadromous)

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11
Q

pre vertebrates –> trends in adaptation

A
  • mechanical changes to pharynx
    • encircling band of muscles
    • cartilage replaced collagen of pharyngeal bars (go back to original shape after contraction
    • filter feeders –> pumping allowed them to grow bigger
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12
Q

agnathans –> vertebrate origin

A
  • expanded pharyngeal pumping
  • deposit feeders “ mud grabbers”
  • less limitation on size
  • adults more benthic, larvae more pelagic
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13
Q

gnathostomes–> vertebrate origin

A
  • switch in feeding methods
  • raptorial feeders: pluck individual particles
  • active predation permitted
  • increased predation- increased size
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13
Q

gnathostomes–> vertebrate origin

A
  • switch in feeding methods
  • raptorial feeders: pluck individual particles
  • active predation permitted
  • increased predation- increased size
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14
Q

SUPERCLASS GNATHOSTOMATA - characteristics

A
  1. jaws
  2. paired appendages
  3. three pairs of semicircular canals of the inner ear
  4. notochord
  5. paired nostrils
  6. gill slits
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15
Q

what three lineages do gnathostomata

A

placoderms, elasmobranchs, teleosts

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16
Q

major difference between gnathostomes and agnathans

A

gnathostomes: jaws, agnathans: no jaws

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17
Q

tetrapods include..

A

amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

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18
Q

amniotes are

A

vertebrates w embryos wrapped in amnion

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19
Q

evolution of jaws (agnathans vs gnathostomes)

A

evolved from anterior gill arch

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20
Q

evolution of paired fins (agnathans vs gnathostomes)

A

evolved from paired skin flaps along the ventrolateral body wall

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21
Q

evolution terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapoda)

A

started with dactylous limbed vertebrates (have digits)

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22
Q

evolution of tetrapods with amnion during development

A

removed dependency on aquatic environment for fertilization & embryo development

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23
Q

evolution of amniotes with feathers (Aves)

A

feathers for insulation - exploited for flight

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24
Q

evolution of amniotes with 3 middle ear bones (mammalia)

A

jaw bones - vibration conduction

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25
Q

is osteichthyes a valid taxon?

A

no, grouping includes : ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes

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26
Q

bony fish

A

ossification of the internal skeleton
terminal mouth
operculum (bony)
internal sac/pouch/bladder
fins strengthened by lepidotrichia
jaw specialization - improved feeding

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27
Q

ray-finned fishes - actinopterygii

A

operculum
no spiral valve
long lepidorichia- fins muscles within body
scales reduced
heterocercal tail
extensive distribution
developed olfactory system

28
Q

three types of caudal fins

A

heterocercal
homocercal
diphycercal

29
Q

heterocercal tail

A

vertebral column extends into upper lobe
- functionally stiffer providing lift to the posterior region of body

30
Q

homocercal

A

Vertebral column ends with modified vertebrae that support fan-like
tail structure (internally asymmetrical) greater versatility for fine
movement

31
Q

diphycercal tail

A

Vertebral column extends to tip without upturning.

32
Q

scales

A

thin, flexible cycloid and ctenoid scales

32
Q

scales

A

thin, flexible cycloid and ctenoid scales

33
Q

how does shedding armor help fish?

A

increases mobility helping fish avoid predators and improve feeding efficiency

34
Q

placoid scales

A
  • shape is curved
  • tough armor
  • sandpaper texture
  • same structure as a tooth
35
Q

purpose of placoid scales

A
  • decrease friction
  • protection
36
Q

what are the layers of cosmoid scales?

A
  • layer of dentine like cosmine
  • outer layer of vitrodentine
37
Q

what are ganoid scales?

A

modified cosmoid scales
thick and non-overlapping
bony basal layer

38
Q

what are cycloid scales?

A

thin and overlapping
more flexibility
grow as the fish grows

39
Q

what are ctenoid scales?

A
  • similar to cycloid scales
  • with teeth at their posterior edges
  • reduce hydrodynamic drag
40
Q

polypteridae (Bichirs)

A
  • lungs - air-breatheers
  • continuous long dorsal fin
  • diphycercal tail, ganoid scales
41
Q

chondrosteans (sturgeon/paddlefish)

A
  • lack internal ossification
42
Q

fleshy finned fish

A
  • fins at the end of short projecting appendages
  • used for manuvering in water
43
Q

choanae

A

external nostrils open internally into the mouth

44
Q

4 groups of gnathostomata

A
  1. placodermi
  2. chondrichthyes
  3. osteichthyes
  4. tetrapoda
45
Q

2 groups of osteichthyes

A

actinopterygii
sacropterygii

46
Q

3 groups under sarcopterygii

A
  1. dipnomorpha
  2. actinistia
  3. rhipidistia
47
Q

two structures connected to pharynx (evolution of terrestrial vertebrates)

A
  • air-filled cavity functioned as a swim bladder
  • paired internal nares functioned in chemoreception
48
Q

what can the combination of swim bladder and internal nares be use for on land

A

to draw in oxygen-rich air through nares into the air-filled cavity

49
Q

what were the bony elements of paired fins modified for

A

support and movement underwater

50
Q

what did evolved adaptations to air breathing do in terrestrial vertebrates?

A
  • increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity
  • double circulation to direct deoxygenated blood into the lungs n oxygenated blood out of the lungs to the other body tissues
51
Q

3 periods for the transition from water to life on land

A
  1. devion period
  2. carboniferous period
  3. Romer’s Gap
52
Q

devion period

A
  • appearance of tetrapod ancestors mass extinction event
53
Q

carboniferous period

A

first 15 mill years tetrapod fossil evidence is lacking

54
Q

Romer’s Gap

A
  • low oxygen theory
  • failed search theory
55
Q

what is tikaalik?

A

the intermediate between fish and primitive land-living animal

56
Q

tiktaalik has a ___ head and neck like ___ but ___ and ____ like fish

A

a. flat
b. tetrapods
c. fins
d. scales

57
Q

did tiktaalik have lungs and gills?

A

yes

58
Q

5 groupings from transition from water to life on land

A
  1. Eusthenopteron
  2. panderichthys
  3. Tiktaalik
  4. Acanthostega
  5. Ichthyostega
59
Q

eusthenopteron

A

lobe finned fish, pelagic

60
Q

panderichthys

A

-shallow water
- longer humerus, flattened skull
- can breath air
- still has many lepidotrichia

61
Q

Tiktaalik

A
  • weight bearing limb like fins that could take it onto land
  • pectoral girdle independent of skull
  • primitive lungs and gills, robust rib cage
62
Q

Acanthostega

A

-more powerful pelvic limbs
- primary aquatic muscualr neck
- jaw modifications

63
Q

Ichthyostega

A
  • girdles stronger
  • limbs
  • digits
  • ankle and wrist joints
  • supportive ribs
    stronger vertebrae
  • ear development
64
Q

characteristics in shallow waters/wetlands/swamps/intertidal environments?

A
  • flattened head
  • air breathing
  • loss of dorsal fins
  • limbs
  • internal nares
    -lungs from swim bladder
  • vascularization and 2 circuit system
65
Q

what happened before Romer’s gap

A

-pectorl and pelvic fins initial changes in bones of fins
- caudal fin tail
- gills-lived in water

66
Q

what happened after Romer’s gap?

A

-lost tail fin
- no gills
- standard tetrapod limbs, feet and hands with 5 digits
- stood upright- no stomach or tail trails with footprints

vertebrate anatomy (5 decks)

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