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NVS > Febrile Seizures and Meningitis > Flashcards

Febrile Seizures and Meningitis Flashcards

1
Q

A transient occurrence of signs and symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

A. Seizure
B. Epilepsy
C. Generalized Seizure
D. Focal Seizure
E. None of the options
A

A. Seizure

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2
Q

Seizure has the highest incidence occurring in ________

A. Early childhood
B. Adolescence
C. Early adulthood
D. Late adulthood
E. Any of the options
A

E. Any of the options

5-10% of the population will have at least one seizure, with the highest incidence occurring in early childhood and late adulthood.

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3
Q

It describes a condition in which a person has a risk of recurrent seizures due to a chronic, underlying process.

A. Febrile seizure plus
B. Epilepsy
C. Generalized Seizure
D. Focal Seizure
E. None of the options
A

B. Epilepsy

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4
Q

It refers to two or more unprovoked seizures.

A. Febrile seizure plus
B. Epilepsy
C. Generalized Seizure
D. Focal Seizure
E. None of the options
A

B. Epilepsy

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5
Q

What part of the brain seizures affect?

A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Brain stem

A

A. Cerebrum

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6
Q

This originate within networks limited to one brain region.

A. Focal seizure
B. Partial seizure
C. Generalized seizure
D. Unknown seizure
E. Two of the options
A

A. Focal seizure

(Partial seizure is no longer used)

Generalized seizures arise within and rapidly engage networks distributed across both cerebral hemispheres.

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7
Q

Tonic clonic seizures are categorized under _______

A. Focal
B. Generalized
C. Unknown
D. Any of the options

A

B. Generalized

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8
Q

Unresponsiveness is a feature of what type of seizure?

A. Focal
B. Generalized
C. Unknown
D. Any of the options

A

A. Focal

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9
Q

The EEG of patients with focal seizures shows what pattern?

A. Epileptiform spikes
B. 3 Hz Spike wave
C. Sharp waves
D. Any of the options

A

D. Any of the options

The routine interictal (i.e. b/w seizures) EEG in patients with focal seizures is often normal or may show brief discharges termed epileptiform spikes, or sharp waves.

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10
Q

Focal seizures can arise from what part of the brain?

A. Medial temporal lobe
B. Mesial temporal lobe
C. Superior frontal lobe
D. Inferior frontal lobe
E. Any of the options
A

E. Any of the options

Because focal seizures can arise from the medial temporal lobe or inferior temporal lobe (regions distant from the scalp), the EEG recorded during the seizure may be nonlocalizing.

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11
Q

All of the following are motor manifestations of focal seizures EXCEPT

A. Tonic
B. Tonic clonic
C. Autonomic
D. Myoclonic
E. None of the options
A

C. Autonomic

Nonmotor manifestations (such as sensory, autonomic, or emotional symptoms)

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12
Q

Focal seizures manifest changes as changes in all of the following EXCEPT

A. Paresthesias
B. Flashing lights
C. Vertigo
D. Piloerection
E. None of the options
A

E. None of the options

Somatic sensation - Paresthesias
Vision - flashing lights or formed hallucinations
Equilibrium - Sensation of falling or vertigo
Autonomic function - Flushing, sweating, piloerection

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13
Q

All of the following internal events are referred to as auras EXCEPT

A. Depersonalization
B. Deja vu
C. Micropsia
D. Macropsia
E. None of the options
A

E. None of the options

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14
Q

Characterized by sudden, brief lapses of consciousness without loss of postural control

A. Atypical absence seizure
B. Typical absence seizure
C. Atonic seizure
D. Myoclonic seizure
E. Epileptic spasms
A

B. Typical Absence seizure

Lasts for only seconds
Consciousness returns suddently

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15
Q

Characterized by an EEG that shows a slow spike-and-slow-wave pattern with a frequency of <2.5 per second.

A. Atypical absence seizure
B. Typical absence seizure
C. Atonic seizure
D. Myoclonic seizure
E. Epileptic spasms
A

A. Atypical seizure

Lapse of consciousness is usually of longer duration

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16
Q

What is TRUE regarding seizures?

A. A focal seizure progressing to a generalized one is known as secondary generalized seizure
B. Recurrent provoked seizure is known as epilepsy
C. Seizures are always generalized
D. Focal and partial seizures are not related to each other
E. A provoked seizure such as due to alcohol withdrawal is a form of epilepsy

A

A. A focal seizure progressing to a generalized one is known as secondary generalized seizure

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17
Q

An absence seizure presents …?

A. as an unresponsive staring lasting several seconds, followed by immediate recovery
B. with automatisms
C. with tongue biting
D. with the tonic extension of all extremities followed by clonic jerking
E. usually in middle age

A

A. as an unresponsive staring lasting several seconds, followed by immediate recovery

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18
Q

What increases the risk of progression to epilepsy in a child with febrile seizures?

A. Family history of epilepsy
B. Generalized seizures
C. Onset before age 6 months
D. More than one febrile seizure
E. Delivery after due date
A

A. Family history of epilepsy

19
Q

What feature is most likely seen with absence seizures?

A. Chewing and automatisms
B. Tonic-clonic movements
C. Nocturnal seizures
D. Hemifacial clonic movements
E. 3Hz spike-and-wave pattern on EEG
A

E. 3Hz spike-and-wave pattern on EEG

20
Q

What part of the brain is most commonly source of complex partial seizures?

A. Brainstem
B. Frontal lobe
C. Parietal lobe
D. Temporal lobe
E. Occipital lobe
A

D. Temporal lobe

21
Q

What temperature is considered as fever in an infant?

A. >38C
B. >37.8C
C. >37.9C
D. >38.1C
E. >38.2C
A

A. >38C

Adults =

22
Q

A 7 month old child is brought to the ER after a single febrile seizure. The mother is concerned about the chances of another episode. What is the risk of another episode in this child?

A. Less than 5%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 50%
E. More than 90%
A

D. 50%

23
Q

Which of the following situations of febrile seizures requires emergency care? When the …

A. child seizes for more than 1min
B. child seizes for more than 3min
C. father has a history of febrile seizures
D. child becomes cyanotic
E. child sleeps more than usual
A

D. child becomes cyanotic

24
Q

What is the most important test in diagnosing epilepsy?

A. Blood tests
B. Lumbar puncture
C. EEG
D. MRI 
E. CT Scan
A

C. EEG

25
Q

Which of the following drugs has is commonly used for ABSENCE SEIZURES?

A. Levetiracetam
B. Ethosuximide
C. Lamotrigine
D. Valproate
E. Zonisamide
A

B. Ethosuximide

26
Q

Which of the following drugs has is commonly used for INFANTILE SPASMS?

A. Valproate
B. Vigabatrin
C. Rufinamide
D. Topiramate
E. Cannabidiol
A

B. Vigabatrin

27
Q

All of the following drugs are used for ATYPICAL ABSENCE SEIZURES, EXCEPT:

A. Valproate
B. Lamotrigine
C. Ethosuximide
D. Zonisamide

A

D. Zonisamide

28
Q

All of the following drugs have an action of blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels EXCEPT:

A. Oxcarbazepine
B. Valproate
C. Lamotrigine
D. Ethosuximde

A

D. Ethosuximde - T-type calcium channels

29
Q

Which of the following drugs is the first-line treatment for status epilepticus?

A. Diazepam
B. Lorazepam
C. Clonazepam
D. Nitrazepam
E. Clobazam
A

A. Diazepam

30
Q

Also called as “drop attack”

A. Atonic
B. Tonic
C. Clonic
D. Tonic-clonic

A

A. Atonic

31
Q

What type of seizure produces a loud moan or “ictal cry”?

A. Tonic-clonic
B. Atonic
C. Myoclonic
D. Epileptic 
E. None of the options
A

A. Tonic-clonic

Impaired respiration
Secretion pools in the oropharynx
Cyanosis

32
Q

What type of seizure is characterized by a sudden loss of postural muscle tone lasting 1-2s.

A. Tonic-clonic
B. Atonic
C. Myoclonic
D. Epileptic 
E. None of the options
A

B. Atonic

Impaired consciousness
No postictal confusion

33
Q

Predominant feature of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME).

A. Atonic
B. Tonic
C. Myoclonic
D. Epileptic spasms
E. Tonic-clonic
A

C. Myoclonic

34
Q

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome presents all of the following EXCEPT:

A. tonic-clonic + atonic + atypical seizures
B. polyspike discharges
C. 3Hz spike-and-wave-discharges
D. impaired cognitive function
E. None of the optiobs
A

B. polyspike discharges

Triad:
Multiple seizure types
3Hz spike-and-wave-discharges
Impaired cognitive function

35
Q

This is the most common epilepsy syndrome associated with focal seizures

A. Epileptic spasms
B. MTLE
C. JME
D. Lennox-Gastaut 
E. Any of the options
A

B. MTLE - Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

36
Q

Which of the following drugs DOES NOT cause seizures?

A. Acyclovir
B. Aspirin
C. Chlorambucil
D. Zolpidem
E. Mefloquine
A

B. Aspirin

Table 418-5 Harrisons
Drugs and Other substances that can cause seizures

37
Q

What is the correct order of lumbar puncture?

A. Skin -> SC tissue -> Supraspinous -> Interspinous-> Ligamentum flavum -> Epidural space -> subarachnoid space
B. Skin -> SC tissue -> Interspinous -> Supraspinous-> Ligamentum flavum -> Epidural space -> subarachnoid space
C. Skin -> SC tissue -> Interspinous -> Supraspinous-> Ligamentum flavum -> Dura mater -> Arachnoid mater -> subarachnoid space
D. Skin -> SC tissue -> Interspinous -> Supraspinous-> Ligamentum flavum -> subarachnoid space -> Epidural space

A

Skin -> SC tissue -> Supraspinous -> Interspinous-> Ligamentum flavum -> Epidural space -> subarachnoid space

38
Q

What is the most important bony landmark, which is located located at the intersection of the ‘intercristal’ or ‘Tuffier’s’ line and the lumbar spine midline?

A. L3 spinous process
B. L4 spinous process
C. L5 spinous process
D. L6 spinous process

A

B. L4 spinous process

39
Q

A diagnostic Lumbar Puncture should be performed at ________

A. L3/4
B. L4/5
C. L2/3
D. L5/S1

A

A. L3/4

Child - L4/5

40
Q

Drugs of choice for bacterial meningitis

A. Cefotaxime
B. Cefepime
C. Ceftriaxone
D. Ceftaroline
E. Any of the options
A

Cefotaxime / Ceftriaxone

Third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) are recommended for the treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis (A-I) and for pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis caused by penicillin-resistant strains (A-III).

41
Q

1st choice drugs for focal seizures

A. Carbamazepine 
B. Oxcarbazepine
C. Lamotrigine
D. Phenytoin
E. All of the options
A

E. All of the options

42
Q

Drugs for Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures (Grand-Mal)

A. Valproic acid
B. Carbamazepine
C. Phenytoin
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

43
Q

What benzodiazepine drugs can cause seizures?

A. Diazepam
B. Lorazepam
C. Midazolam
D. Clonazepam
E. Any of the options
A

Diazepam

Lorazepam

44
Q

Which of the following class of drugs produces positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors?

A. AMPA receptor blockers
B. Benzodiazepines
C. Gabapentinoids
E. Barbiturates

A

B. Benzodiazepines

NVS (3 decks)

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