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FECALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

contains bacteria, cellulose, undigested foodstuffs, GI secretions, bile pigments, cells from the intestinal walls, electrolytes, and water

A

Feces

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2
Q

Feces contains __% of water and __% solids

A

75% water, 25% solids

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3
Q

approximately ___ to ___ g of feces is excreted in a 24-hour period

A

100 to 200g

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4
Q

the odor of feces is due to the presence of ___ and ___

A

indole and skatole

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5
Q

examination of feces

A

Fecalysis

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6
Q

specimen collection of feces. what type of container

A

plastic or glass container with screw-tops

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7
Q

fecal pigment

A

stercobilin

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8
Q

normal feces color

A

brown

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9
Q

upper GI bleeding, iron, charcoal, bismuth. what color?

A

Black (melena) black, tarry stool

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10
Q

lower GI bleeding, beets, food coloring, rifampin

A

Red

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11
Q

bile duct obstruction, barium sulfate, what color?

A

Pale yellow, white, gray

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12
Q

Biliverdin, oral antibiotics, green vegetables. what color?

A

Green

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13
Q

Prussian blue, grape soda. what color?

A

Blue

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14
Q

Porphyria. what color?

A

Violet/Purple

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15
Q

Bile duct obstruction, pancreatic disorders, steatorrhea. What color/appearance?

A

Bulky/Frothy

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16
Q

Cystic fibrosis. What color/appearance?

A

Butter-like

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17
Q

Colistis, dysentry, malignancy, constipation. What color/appearance?

A

Mucus-streaked, blood-streaked

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18
Q

Intestinal obstruction or constriction. What color/appearance?

A

Slender, Ribbon/Noodle-like

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19
Q

Cholera. What color/appearance?

A

Rice watery

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20
Q

Typhoid. What color/appearance?

A

Pea soup

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21
Q

Constipation (goat droppings). What color/appearance?

A

hard/scybalous

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22
Q

Bristol stool chat, Healthy stool type number

A

three and four

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23
Q

Bristol Stool Chart. normal stool, most optimum number

A

number four

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24
Q

increased fats in stool

A

Steatorrhea

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25
(Steatorrhea) increased fats in stool is how many grams/day
>6g/day
26
microscopic examination of feces for fat globules is what test
screening test
27
definitive test in microscopic examination of stool
fecal fat determination
28
Qualitative Fecal Fat Test. 2 stains
1. Neutral Fat Stain (Triglycerides) 2. Split Fat stain (Fatty acids)
29
In neutral fat stain, >60 droplets/hpf means
Steatorrhea
30
Neutral fat stain. Stool suspension + __ % ethanol + ______
Stool suspension + 95% ethanol + sudan III
31
Split fat stain is Emulsified stool + __% acetic acid + ____
Emulsified stool + 36% acetic acid + sudan
32
Split fat stain. Normal
<100 droplets (<4 um)
33
Split fat stain. Slightly increases
<100 droplets (1-8 um)
34
Split fat stain. Increased
100 droplets (6-75 um)
35
Quantitative Fecal Fat Test
Van de Kamer Titration
36
- gold standard for fecal fat determination - for definitive diagnosis of steatorrhea - titration with NAOH
Van de Kamer Titration
37
Van de Kamer Titration. Sample should be how many days
3 days (72 hours)
38
Van de Kamer Titration. Normal value
1-6g fats/day
39
Van de Kamer Titration. Steatorrhea
>6g fats/day
40
abnormal excretion of muscle fibers in feces
Creatorrhea
41
1st stool of newborns is called
Meconium
42
blood in stool is called
hematochezia
43
Muscle fibers. Completely digested = ?
No striations
44
Muscle fibers. Partially digested = ?
Striations in one direction
45
Muscle fibers. Undigested = ?
Striations in both direction
46
Abnormal: ____ undigested muscle fibers
>10 undigested muscle fiber
47
Abnormal: >10 undigested muscle fiber. Symptoms of
Biliary obstruction Cystic fibrosis
48
Fecal leukocyte. _____ = Invasive condition
>3 neutrophils/HPF
49
Diarrhea with WBCs=
Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, enteroinvasive E. coli. , Campylobacter
50
Diarrhea without WBCs =
Toxin producing (S. aureus, V. cholerae), virus, parasite
51
How to determine fecal leukocyte
Wet preparation Dried preparation Lactoferrin latex agglutination test
52
Fecal Leukocyte. Wet preparation = stool + ____
Loeffler's methylene blue
53
Fecal Leukocyte. Dried preparation = stool = ___
Wright's or Gram stain
54
most frequently performed in fecal analysis
Fecal Occult Blood Test
55
Fecal Occult Blood Test is a screening test for
colorectal cancer
56
FOBT sample:
center portion of stool
57
FOBT. Significant :
>2.5 mL blood/150g stool
58
FOBT. Principle:
pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin (Hgb)
59
FOBT. Chromogens
Benzidine, Guaiac, O-tuluidine
60
Chromogens most sensitive
Benzidine
61
Chromogens most preferred/commonly used
Guaiac
62
Feces constistency
formed semi-formed soft watery
63
false positive. avoid for 3 days
red meat melon broccolli cauliflower horseradish turnip
64
false positive. avoid for 7 days
Aspirin NSAIDs other than paracetamol
65
False negative. avoid for 3 days
Vitamin C Iron supplements containing vitamin C
66
Apt Test (Apt-Downey Test). Pink solution
fetal bloos
67
Apt Test. Yellow-brown supernatant
maternal blood
68
bloody stool and vomitus are sometimes seen in neonates as a result of swallowing maternal blood during delivery
Apt test (Apt-Downey Test)
69
Detects pancreatic enzyme called trypsin
X-ray film test (Gelatin test)
70
X-ray film test clearing of film means
(+) trypsin
71
X-ray film test no clearing of film means
(-) trypsin
72
Cystic Fibrosis is the absence of
trypsin
73
Most valuable in assessing cases of infant diarrhea (ex. lactose intolerance)
Fecal carbohydrates
74
in fecal carbohydrates, Clinitest of >0.5g/dL means
carbohydrate intolerance
75
normal stool pH
7.0-8.0 (alkaline)
76
stool pH in CHO disorders
<5.5 pH
77
Fecal Carbohydrates. Determination
1. Clinitest 2. Fecal pH
78
Immunoassay using an ELISA test
Elastase-1
79
Sensitive indicator of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Elastase-1
80
pentose that is absorbed without the help of pancreatic enzymes and is not metabolized.
D-xylose
81
This test differentiated malabsorption and maldigestion
D-xylose test
82
D-xylose test. Spx= 2-hour PP blood and ___ hr urine
5-hr urine
83
low urine D-xylose means
malabsorption
84
normal urine D-xylose
maldigestion
85
increase in daily stool weight >200g/day, increased liquidity of stools, and frequency of more than three times per day
Diarrhea
86
acute diarrhea = ____ wks
<4 wks
87
chronic diarrhea = ___ wks
>4 wks (1month)
88
increased secretion of water and electrolytes which overide the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine
Secretory Diarrhea
89
Types of Diarrhea
1. Secretory Diarrhea 2. Osmotic Diarrhea 3. Altered Motility
90
Retention water and electrolytes in the large intestine due to incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food
91
enhanced (hypermotility) or slow (constipation) motility
Altered motility
92
Causes: maldigestion, malabsorption, disaccharidase deficiency (lactose intolerance), laxatives, antacids, amoebiasis, antibiotics
Osmotic Diarrhea
93
Causes: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Rapid Gastric emptying (RGE), dumping syndrome
Altered motility
94
causes: bacterial, viral, protozoan infections, drugs, laxatives, hormones, inflammatory bowel disease, endocrine disorders, neoplasms, collagen vascular disease
Secretory Diarrhea

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