feed industry and ingredients Flashcards
(36 cards)
What 4 ingredients do you need to make a complete animal diet?
1 energy ingredients: grains, fats and oils, byproducts
2 essential fatty acids: vegetable oils with 18:2 n-6 and 18:3 n-3
3 protein ingredients: plant seeds, animal biproducts, AA
4 vitamins and minerals: ca & p
by product feedstuffs
- Advantages:
- Contain useful nutrients
- Frequently very inexpensive
- Disadvantages:
- Variable nutrient content from batch to batch
- Availability on a consistent basis
examples: wheat by products, rice, corn.
1 Energy Feedstuffs in diet
-Cereal grains: Usually highest inclusion rate of any ingredient in animal feeds and most pet feeds
* Milling by-products
* Seed and mill screenings
* Molasses and related products
* Animal and vegetable fats
wheat by products
-Milled to produce flour for human consumption
* Wheat bran (high CP and fiber)
-wheat middlings: less fiber more flour
-wheat shorts: no more than 7% CP
- Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS): By-product of ethanol production
- ~36% protein, 5% fat
corn processing by products
- Corn is fractionated to create:
- Starch
- Oil
- High fructose corn syrup
- Corn gluten meal (60% protein)
Corn gluten meal:
* Palatable
* Cheap
* Poor amino acid balance
* Protein from the corn endosperm
* Widely used in aquaculture feed
Molasses and Related Products
- Can be fed at levels up to 20% of the diet to pigs without reducing gain or feed intake
Contains:
* 78% Dry matter
* 3.5-10.6% crude protein
* 62% sucrose
* 2510 Kcal/Kg DM
2 Animal and Vegetable Fats in diet
- Tallow-beef fat
- Grease-pork fat, poultry fat: Lower melting point than tallow,
more unsaturated fatty acids - Restaurant grease
- Vegetable oils-highest quality
- Added to mixtures to improve
overall quality - Expensive but highly digestible
- Canola oil, soybean oil, palm oil
- Canola oil is rich in 18:3 n-3
(omega-3) fatty acid
3 Protein ingredients in diet
- Animal proteins
- Marine proteins
- Seeds from plants
- Fermentation products
- Brewery and distillery products
- Amino acids
animal proteins in feeds
-more animal carcases are rendered and fed in animal feeds than to people.
-animal protein concentrates: biological concern
-meat meal or bone meal: slaughter wastes.
* High protein (50%) high calcium (8%), high phosphorus (4%)
* Lower in lysine than soybean meal; high proportion of non-muscle tissue
Animal Blood and Blood Meal
Blood meal
* 90% protein
* Good source of highly digestible iron
* Amino acid balance is poor
* Maximum 1-2% of diet
Plasma Products
* Spray-dried porcine/bovine plasma
* Very expensive
* Used to fortify weanling pig diets
* Increases feed intake and average daily gain by up to 50% may be due to immunoglobulins.
marine proteins
- Fish meal primarily
- 65-75% protein
- Premium ingredient for pig starter diets, aquaculture, pet foods
plant proteins
Soybeans:
* Meal is the primary product; soybean oil is byproduct
-high in lysine deficient in methionine.
* The price of soybean sets the price of all other plant proteins
Soybean is poisonous unless heat-treated or solvent-extracted
-48.5% cp
Canola meal
* Oil primary product, meal is secondary
* Characteristics compared to SBM:
* Lower protein (36-38% crude protein)
* Lower energy
* Higher fibre
* Canola meal is lower in lysine but higher in methionine than soybean meal
-doesn’t have to be heat treated, affects iodine metabolism.
-canola concentrate highest plant protein efficiency ratio
field (dried) peas
Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
- AAFCO is the body that regulates animal feeds in the US
- Many Canadian feed manufacturers follow AAFCO regulations if they
export feed to the US
key governing agencies in canada for livestock feed
-feed act & regulations CFIA
-Health Canada: food and drugs act and regulations
-Health of animals act and regulations CFIA
feed labelling regulations
*the name of the feed
*its intended purpose
*the intended livestock species
*the name and address of the
anufacturer of the feed
*the net amount
*directions for use
*a guaranteed analysis, and
health and safety statements
**Must be bilingual if for commercial
sale in Canada
medicating ingredients in feed
- Medicating ingredients permitted by Canadian regulation to be added to
livestock feed - Label for commercial pre-made medicated diets must specify:
- the name and actual amount of each medicating ingredient, which must appear
immediately after the feed name - the approved claim(s)
- any caution and warning statements
- any statement on the prudent use of the medicating ingredient(s), and
- any additional information that must be added to the medicated feed label as a note as
specified in the Medicating Ingredient Brochure(s) - A ‘Custom Medicated Feed’ prescribed by a veterinarian has different
labelling requirements
feed additives non nutritional
- Added to feed to improve growth/nutrient utilization/health, make the
finished product more appealing to consumers, help with feed
manufacture or improve shelf life - Includes, but is not limited to:
- Antioxidants (not the nutritional kind)
- Mould inhibitors
- Pelleting aids or binders
- Anticaking agents
- Acidifiers
-prebiotics, probiotics
-flavoring agents
Antimicrobial uses in food animals 4 types of antimicrobial treatment added to food
- Therapeutic
* To treat clinically identified disease
* Individual animal basis
* group basis in water or feed - Metaphylactic
* To prevent spread of identified infection to cohorts
* Treat all animals where disease has been identified in some - Prophylactic
* To control or prevent infection at times of increased risk
* Example: Weaning in pigs - Growth Promotion
* To increase growth and production efficiency
* Reduce intestinal colonization by opportunistic and overt pathogens
* Includes a prophylactic component
* This use has been banned in Canada since Dec 2018 lots of antibiotic reisstance
Antibiotics in Dairy nutrition
- Therapeutic use only
- e.g. mastitis, enteric/respiratory infections in calves, foot infections
- Sub-therapeutic ionophores (not medically important) to improve
efficiency of rumen fermentation
antibiotics in beef cattle nutrition
- Cow-Calf:
- Therapeutic only
- Enteric/respiratory infections in calves
- Feedlot:
- Metaphylactic (at feedlot entry) and therapeutic control of respiratory
infection - Sub-therapeutic ionophores (not medically important) to improve
efficiency of rumen fermentation
antibiotics in poultry feed
- Broiler (Meat)
- As of 2019, only category 4 antibiotics used as growth promoters
- Coccidiostats are category 4 and used to control coccidiosis
- Metaphylactic use of category 2-3 drugs to control identified
enteric/respiratory infections - Layer (Eggs)
- Not used (cage reared)
- Eggs can’t be marketed
swine antibiotics in nutrition
Swine
* Common prophylactic use in nursery phase
* High percentage use of category 4 antibiotics for growth promotion in
grow/finish or category 2-3 for pro/metaphylactic that has coincidental
growth promotion benefits
* Therapeutic treatment of enteric/respiratory infections
* In Canada, most in-feed antibiotics are used in the swine industry (65%
flavors or palatants as feed additives
- Improve consumption by masking off-flavours
- Allow more flexibility in diet formulation
- Condition an animal to a particular feed
- Anise, apple, sweeteners, garlic
- Liquified or dried liver hydrosylate used to coat cat food
pigments as feed additives
Used in aquaculture and poultry mainly
* In Poultry
* Yolk colour, skin colouration
* Yellow/orange desired in many markets
* Xanthophyll (Corn)
* Natural pigments: alfalfa, marigold meal, also synthetic
* In Aquaculture:
* Preferred colours in marketplace
* Trout: pink
* Salmon: red
* Char: white
* Salmonids cannot synthesize pigments from xanthophyll so pigments must be fed in the diet
* Expensive; up to 10% of diet cost
Other Common Feed Additives
