Feeding Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Ingredient
A
Raw materials used in food
2
Q
Nutrition
A
- Substances the body requires to sustain life
- absorbed through the intestinal mucosa
3
Q
Dry Matter (DM)
A
Nutrient content based on a moisture free basis
4
Q
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
A
- Amount of energy gained from nutrition available for use in the body
- some will be lost in urine and feces
5
Q
AAFCO
A
- Association of American Feed Control Officials
- define food and feed ingredients
6
Q
Meat
A
- clean flesh from slaughtered animals
- skeletal, tounge, diaphragm, heart, esophagus, viscera muscles
7
Q
Meat and Bone Meal
A
- Rendered product from tissue including bone
- no added blood, hair, hooves, hide, trimmings, manure, stomach contents
8
Q
Meat By-Products
A
- non-rendered clean parts
- including trimmings, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, liver, blood, bone, stomach and intestines
- must exclude:
- hair, hide, horns, teeth, hooves, manure, stomach contents
9
Q
Poultry By-Products
A
- Rendered poultry
- including neck, feet, underdeveloped eggs, intestines
- excludes: feathers
10
Q
Raw Diet
A
- Biologically appropriate raw food (BARF)
- key concerns:
- complications from bone ingestion
- contamination with parasites, bacteria, Protozoa
11
Q
Humectants
A
Preservatives added that bind water and inhibit mold and fungal growth
12
Q
Digestibility of food equation
A
Comparing the amount of a nutrient in the food to the amount of the same nutrient in the feces
13
Q
When do newborn puppies double their weight?
A
7-10 days
14
Q
What is the normal growth rate for puppies?
A
2-4g/day/kg
15
Q
Colostrum
A
- First milk produced during the first 12-24 hours post parturition
- transfers energy, nutrients, and antibodies from bitch to puppy :D
16
Q
At 3-4 weeks…
A
- deciduous teeth erupt
- puppies can start eating gruel (1pt dry - 2pt warm water)
17
Q
When should weaning be complete?
A
6-8 weeks
18
Q
Where is energy intake dedicated to during the first few weeks?
A
- 1/2 to growth
- rest for maintenance
19
Q
What does increased fat content help with?
A
Satisfy the increased energy requirements
20
Q
What are increased fatty acids required for?
A
- cell membrane formation
- eye and brain development
21
Q
How much fat should be in puppy food?
A
8% DM
22
Q
Why are calcium and phosphorus increased?
A
Promote skeleton growth
23
Q
What decreases the amount of food required?
A
- increased digestibility
- increased density
24
Q
How many times a day should a puppy be fed?
A
3 times (more for toy breeds)
25
What breeds are unable to regulate blood glucose?
Toy breeds
26
How should puppies be fed?
- 4-5 times a day
| - until they reach 10 weeks
27
When can feeding be reduced?
- once dog has reached 50% of adult body weight
| - feeding is reduced to 2-3 times per day
28
What are the key requirements for growing puppies?
- calcium
| - fat
29
Kilocalories
- kcal
| - amount of heat (energy) needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1degree
30
What is Daily Energy Requirements?
Number of calories needed to maintain an animal's weight
31
What increases an animal's number of calories needed?
- exercise
- lactation
- growth
32
Production Energy Requirements
Increased energy demands over and above the needs for maintenance
33
How are nutritional energy requirements calculated?
- metabolic body weight
| - weight of actively metabolizing tissue
34
What is a "complete food"?
Means that the food contains all of the required nutrients for a particular life stage in a bioavailable form
35
What does a Balanced Food contain?
All of the required nutrients in correct proportions relative to the food's total energy density
36
What is Food Total Density?
- Number of calories provided by a given weight or volume of pet food
- expressed as kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram or pound of diet
- (kcal/ME/kg)
37
What are ingredients derived from animal tissues good sources for?
- protein
- fat
- calcium
- phosphorus
- other minerals
38
What are ingredients derived from plant matter a good source for?
- protein
- essential amino acids
- carbs
- essential fatty acids
- vitamins
- minerals
39
What are the 3 basic physical forms of food?
- dry
- semi moist
- wet
40
Dry food
- less than 12% water
- only form of food suitable for ad lib feeding
- helpful in keeping teeth clean and reduce plaque build up
- disadvantage: low palatability
41
How many kcals does dry food provide?
1,300-2,000
42
Semi-moist food
- contains 25-35% water
- advantages: higher palatability, serving convenience
- disadvantage: greater cost per serving, contain simple carbs (bad for diabetic cats)
43
How many kcal does Wet Food provide?
1,209-1,350
44
Canned or Wet Foods
- contain 75% moisture
- high palatability
- cost more per serving
- less convenient to store
45
Wet Food
- contain higher levels of protein, phosphorus, sodium and fat on a DM basis
- contain 1,600-2,300 kcal of ME
46
Super Premium Foods
- formulated to provide optimal nutrition
- highly digestible, high quality ingredients
- contain more calories and nutrients per pound of food
- highly digestible
- pet uses more nutrient and produces less stool
47
Premium Food
- complete and balanced made with lower quality ingredients
- lower nutritional density
- less expensive
- will have to be fed more to meet nutritional values
- produce more stool
48
Veterinary or Therapeutic Diets
- dispensed only through vet hospital
| - formulated with unique nutrient profiles to help nutritionally manage a wide variety of health conditions
49
What is the age range canines are considered adults?
1-7 years old
50
What is the energy density that adult dogs should have?
3.5-4.5kcal/ME/g DM
51
What is a good source of energy?
- fats
| - supply essential fatty acids
52
What % fat should adult food contain?
5%
53
Why is protein important?
- maintenance of immune system
| - lean body mass
54
How much crude protein should adult food contain?
Minimum 18%
55
Puppy Age Range
- less than 1 year old
| - up to 2 years in large and giant breed dogs
56
Mature Adult Age Range
1-6
57
Senior Age Range
7& up
58
What are the factors when choosing a pet food?
- physical activity
- nutritional elements
- environmental elements
59
What is Low Activity Level?
Little to no exercise and are at risk for becoming overweight
60
What is Moderate Activity Level?
- Daily walks and play
| - maintenance diet would be a good choice
61
What is Hardworking Activity Level?
- herding,search and rescue,agility trials,hunting and guarding
- performance diet would be a good choice
62
What is Extreme Activity Level?
- 2 sub categories
- sprint racing (short bursts of intense exercise)
- endurance (long periods of running and/or pulling)
- may require customized feeding plans
63
What are the basic elements for canine athletes?
- carbs
- fat
- protein
64
Carbs in canine athlete diets:
- sprinting dogs require up to 50% of their caloric intake as carbs
- endurance diets may contain less carbs
- must tailor amount of carbs depending on activity levels
65
Fats in canine athlete diets:
- longer canine exercises, more fat required
| - essential fatty acids should make up 2% of the diets
66
Protein in canine athlete diets:
- used to form new muscle
| - repair damage to muscle and connective tissue
67
What Environmental elements affect a dog's energy requirements?
- climate
- environment
- stress
68
Environmental factor : Climate
- extreme temperatures and humidity can increase energy requirements
- cold induced thermogenesis: ability to increase metabolic rate to produce additional body heat
69
Environmental Factor: Environment
Type of terrain can effect how hard they work and how many calories they need
70
Environmental Factor: Stress
- psychological strain
| - adequate nutrition can aid in how efficiently the dog copes with these stressors
71
What is the minimum age for breeding?
-2 years
72
How long is canine gestation?
- 63 days
| - divided into 21 day trimesters
73
What % of fetal growth occurs in the first 2 trimesters?
-less than 30%
74
When do you increase food intake in a pregnant bitch?
5th or 6th week
75
What should the bitch be eating around week 5?
Balanced dog food that contains Atleast 1,600 kcal of ME per pound of food
76
What are the energy requirements for a bitch?
- calcium and phosphorus: increase by 60% during last 35 days (puppy rapid skeleton growth)
- protein: increase 40-70% during late gestation
- energy: increase 25-50% during gestation depending on size of liter
77
What are the nutritional requirements for a bitch?
- water: 60lb bitch may consume 4-5 liters of water every day (1.5liters during maintenance)
- calcium/phosphorus: during peak lactation, 2-5 times more calcium will be need depending on litter size
- slowly reduce food intake after week 4 of lactation
78
What are signs of problems during lactation?
- sudden change in body condition
- abnormal vaginal discharge
- hyper salivation
- seizures
- muscle contractions or weakness
- poor maternal care
- poor weight gain in puppies
- continuous vocalization by puppies
79
What is the goal in feeding senior dogs?
Maintain health and optimal body condition
80
Water intake in senior dog
Should be closely monitored since disease and medication may cause dehydration
81
Fat intake in senior dog
-slight decrease in fat and calories is beneficial
82
Protein intake in senior dog
- Higher dietary level of protein may compensate for decreased lean muscle mass
- higher level of high quality protein helps minimize losses in the body (protein reserves, supports tissue repair, immune function)
83
How many meals a day will a domestic cat eat?
12-20 every 24 hours at random intervals
84
What are the main factors that help determine a cat's nutritional requirements?
- stage of life
- how active is the cat
- is cat maintaining an ideal body condition
85
What are the nutritional requirements of cats?
- amino acids: -taurine
- arginine
- vitamins: vitamin A and Vitamin B
- protein
- arachidonic acid
86
What are the life stages of a cat?
- kitten: less than 1 year
- young adult: 1-7
- mature adult: 7-11
- senior: after 11
87
What is the size increase of a kitten in the first 5 months?
2000%
88
When are kittens ready to eat solid food?
- 7-9 weeks
| - should be fed kitten food until 10 months
89
What are the nutritional requirements for kittens?
-energy: require 2X more energy than adults
90
How long is feline gestation?
62-65 days
91
How much weight does cat lose when giving birth?
40% of weight gained during pregnancy
92
What happens to the weight not lost during birth?
- remaining 60% is stored as maternal body fat
| - used as energy resource during lactation
93
How many calories should the queen be taking in when the kittens are born?
25-50% more than normal
94
What can cause over eating in the queen?
- hormonal and behavior changes
| - can also lead to anorexia
95
When will queens undergo appetite loss?
During 3rd week of gestation
96
How do you know the queen is about to give birth?
- Food refusal during the 9th week
| - birthing should take place within 24-48 hrs
97
What are the nutritional requirements during gestation and lactation?
- minerals: should contain more calcium and phosphorus
- magnesium is only other increased
- vitamins: A and D
98
What is the average life span of a cat?
14 years
99
At what age may cats become less active and at more risk of weight gain?
7
100
What happens at age 11 in senior cats?
- taste diminishes
- ability to absorb key nutrients may decline
- these changes may result in
- less interest in food
- weight loss
- muscle loss
101
What are the signs of aging in cats?
- decrease in coat condition
- decreased activity level
- decreased acuity of hearing or eyesight
- onset of arthritis
- weight loss
102
Why are older cats predisposed to dehydration?
- aging can impair thirst sensitivity
| - impaired renal function
103
What are the lifestyle factors that affect nutritional values of felines?
- activity level
- environment
- stress
- breed
104
What are the signs of a hairball?
- deep,dry coughing with muted sounds coming from nose and throat
- occasional vomiting
- weight loss
- loss of appetite
- constipation
- regurgitation of food after eating
105
What are the ways to control hairballs?
- regular brushing
- fresh drinking water at all times
- feed diet formulated to control hairball formation
106
What are 2 ways to help a cat lose weight?
- reduce caloric intake
| - encourage more exercise
107
What is FLUTD?
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
108
What croup of diseases does FLUTD cover?
- feline ureters
- urinary bladders
- urethra
109
What are the clinical signs of FLUTD?
-Hematuria: bloody urine
-Dysuria: difficult urination
-Stranguria: slow or painful urination
Pollakiuria:abnormally frequent urinaation
-Inappropriate urination (periuria)
-partial or complete urethral blockage
110
What are the most common types of FLUTD?
- idiopathic cystitis
- urethral obstruction
- urolithiasis: calculi stones in bladder
111
What is Idiopath cystitis?
- common diagnosis of FLUTD
- painful, noninfectious, inflammatory bladder condition
- typically affects cats 2-7
- Dysuria and Hematuria are most common signs
- clinical signs resolve in 4-7 days regardless of trement
112
What is Urolithiasis?
- urinary stones
- most common stone:struvite
- more likely to form in basic pH urine
- males are more likely to develop
113
What is Urethral obstruction?
- urethral plugs
| - most common in males
114
What are Urethral Plugs?
unorganized masses of mucus like protein containing varying amounts of minerals and cell debris
115
What are the predisposing factors of FLUTD?
=indoor cats have higher risk
- 2-7yrs increased risk for urethral plugs
- 4yrs+: high risk for urolighiasis and feline idiopathic cysitis
- 4-7yrs: highest risk for struvite uroliths
- 7-10yrs: highest risk for calcium oxilate
