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Nutrition > Feeding > Flashcards

Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

Ingredient

A

Raw materials used in food

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2
Q

Nutrition

A
  • Substances the body requires to sustain life

- absorbed through the intestinal mucosa

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3
Q

Dry Matter (DM)

A

Nutrient content based on a moisture free basis

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4
Q

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

A
  • Amount of energy gained from nutrition available for use in the body
  • some will be lost in urine and feces
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5
Q

AAFCO

A
  • Association of American Feed Control Officials

- define food and feed ingredients

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6
Q

Meat

A
  • clean flesh from slaughtered animals

- skeletal, tounge, diaphragm, heart, esophagus, viscera muscles

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7
Q

Meat and Bone Meal

A
  • Rendered product from tissue including bone

- no added blood, hair, hooves, hide, trimmings, manure, stomach contents

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8
Q

Meat By-Products

A
  • non-rendered clean parts
  • including trimmings, lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, liver, blood, bone, stomach and intestines
  • must exclude:
    • hair, hide, horns, teeth, hooves, manure, stomach contents
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9
Q

Poultry By-Products

A
  • Rendered poultry
  • including neck, feet, underdeveloped eggs, intestines
  • excludes: feathers
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10
Q

Raw Diet

A
  • Biologically appropriate raw food (BARF)
  • key concerns:
    • complications from bone ingestion
    • contamination with parasites, bacteria, Protozoa
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11
Q

Humectants

A

Preservatives added that bind water and inhibit mold and fungal growth

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12
Q

Digestibility of food equation

A

Comparing the amount of a nutrient in the food to the amount of the same nutrient in the feces

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13
Q

When do newborn puppies double their weight?

A

7-10 days

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14
Q

What is the normal growth rate for puppies?

A

2-4g/day/kg

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15
Q

Colostrum

A
  • First milk produced during the first 12-24 hours post parturition
  • transfers energy, nutrients, and antibodies from bitch to puppy :D
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16
Q

At 3-4 weeks…

A
  • deciduous teeth erupt

- puppies can start eating gruel (1pt dry - 2pt warm water)

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17
Q

When should weaning be complete?

A

6-8 weeks

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18
Q

Where is energy intake dedicated to during the first few weeks?

A
  • 1/2 to growth

- rest for maintenance

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19
Q

What does increased fat content help with?

A

Satisfy the increased energy requirements

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20
Q

What are increased fatty acids required for?

A
  • cell membrane formation

- eye and brain development

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21
Q

How much fat should be in puppy food?

A

8% DM

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22
Q

Why are calcium and phosphorus increased?

A

Promote skeleton growth

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23
Q

What decreases the amount of food required?

A
  • increased digestibility

- increased density

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24
Q

How many times a day should a puppy be fed?

A

3 times (more for toy breeds)

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25
Q

What breeds are unable to regulate blood glucose?

A

Toy breeds

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26
Q

How should puppies be fed?

A
  • 4-5 times a day

- until they reach 10 weeks

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27
Q

When can feeding be reduced?

A
  • once dog has reached 50% of adult body weight

- feeding is reduced to 2-3 times per day

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28
Q

What are the key requirements for growing puppies?

A
  • calcium

- fat

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29
Q

Kilocalories

A
  • kcal

- amount of heat (energy) needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1degree

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30
Q

What is Daily Energy Requirements?

A

Number of calories needed to maintain an animal’s weight

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31
Q

What increases an animal’s number of calories needed?

A
  • exercise
  • lactation
  • growth
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32
Q

Production Energy Requirements

A

Increased energy demands over and above the needs for maintenance

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33
Q

How are nutritional energy requirements calculated?

A
  • metabolic body weight

- weight of actively metabolizing tissue

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34
Q

What is a “complete food”?

A

Means that the food contains all of the required nutrients for a particular life stage in a bioavailable form

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35
Q

What does a Balanced Food contain?

A

All of the required nutrients in correct proportions relative to the food’s total energy density

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36
Q

What is Food Total Density?

A
  • Number of calories provided by a given weight or volume of pet food
  • expressed as kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram or pound of diet
  • (kcal/ME/kg)
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37
Q

What are ingredients derived from animal tissues good sources for?

A
  • protein
  • fat
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • other minerals
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38
Q

What are ingredients derived from plant matter a good source for?

A
  • protein
  • essential amino acids
  • carbs
  • essential fatty acids
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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39
Q

What are the 3 basic physical forms of food?

A
  • dry
  • semi moist
  • wet
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40
Q

Dry food

A
  • less than 12% water
  • only form of food suitable for ad lib feeding
  • helpful in keeping teeth clean and reduce plaque build up
  • disadvantage: low palatability
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41
Q

How many kcals does dry food provide?

A

1,300-2,000

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42
Q

Semi-moist food

A
  • contains 25-35% water
  • advantages: higher palatability, serving convenience
  • disadvantage: greater cost per serving, contain simple carbs (bad for diabetic cats)
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43
Q

How many kcal does Wet Food provide?

A

1,209-1,350

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44
Q

Canned or Wet Foods

A
  • contain 75% moisture
  • high palatability
  • cost more per serving
  • less convenient to store
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45
Q

Wet Food

A
  • contain higher levels of protein, phosphorus, sodium and fat on a DM basis
  • contain 1,600-2,300 kcal of ME
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46
Q

Super Premium Foods

A
  • formulated to provide optimal nutrition
  • highly digestible, high quality ingredients
  • contain more calories and nutrients per pound of food
  • highly digestible
  • pet uses more nutrient and produces less stool
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47
Q

Premium Food

A
  • complete and balanced made with lower quality ingredients
  • lower nutritional density
  • less expensive
  • will have to be fed more to meet nutritional values
  • produce more stool
48
Q

Veterinary or Therapeutic Diets

A
  • dispensed only through vet hospital

- formulated with unique nutrient profiles to help nutritionally manage a wide variety of health conditions

49
Q

What is the age range canines are considered adults?

A

1-7 years old

50
Q

What is the energy density that adult dogs should have?

A

3.5-4.5kcal/ME/g DM

51
Q

What is a good source of energy?

A
  • fats

- supply essential fatty acids

52
Q

What % fat should adult food contain?

A

5%

53
Q

Why is protein important?

A
  • maintenance of immune system

- lean body mass

54
Q

How much crude protein should adult food contain?

A

Minimum 18%

55
Q

Puppy Age Range

A
  • less than 1 year old

- up to 2 years in large and giant breed dogs

56
Q

Mature Adult Age Range

A

1-6

57
Q

Senior Age Range

A

7& up

58
Q

What are the factors when choosing a pet food?

A
  • physical activity
  • nutritional elements
  • environmental elements
59
Q

What is Low Activity Level?

A

Little to no exercise and are at risk for becoming overweight

60
Q

What is Moderate Activity Level?

A
  • Daily walks and play

- maintenance diet would be a good choice

61
Q

What is Hardworking Activity Level?

A
  • herding,search and rescue,agility trials,hunting and guarding
  • performance diet would be a good choice
62
Q

What is Extreme Activity Level?

A
  • 2 sub categories
    • sprint racing (short bursts of intense exercise)
    • endurance (long periods of running and/or pulling)
  • may require customized feeding plans
63
Q

What are the basic elements for canine athletes?

A
  • carbs
  • fat
  • protein
64
Q

Carbs in canine athlete diets:

A
  • sprinting dogs require up to 50% of their caloric intake as carbs
  • endurance diets may contain less carbs
  • must tailor amount of carbs depending on activity levels
65
Q

Fats in canine athlete diets:

A
  • longer canine exercises, more fat required

- essential fatty acids should make up 2% of the diets

66
Q

Protein in canine athlete diets:

A
  • used to form new muscle

- repair damage to muscle and connective tissue

67
Q

What Environmental elements affect a dog’s energy requirements?

A
  • climate
  • environment
  • stress
68
Q

Environmental factor : Climate

A
  • extreme temperatures and humidity can increase energy requirements
  • cold induced thermogenesis: ability to increase metabolic rate to produce additional body heat
69
Q

Environmental Factor: Environment

A

Type of terrain can effect how hard they work and how many calories they need

70
Q

Environmental Factor: Stress

A
  • psychological strain

- adequate nutrition can aid in how efficiently the dog copes with these stressors

71
Q

What is the minimum age for breeding?

A

-2 years

72
Q

How long is canine gestation?

A
  • 63 days

- divided into 21 day trimesters

73
Q

What % of fetal growth occurs in the first 2 trimesters?

A

-less than 30%

74
Q

When do you increase food intake in a pregnant bitch?

A

5th or 6th week

75
Q

What should the bitch be eating around week 5?

A

Balanced dog food that contains Atleast 1,600 kcal of ME per pound of food

76
Q

What are the energy requirements for a bitch?

A
  • calcium and phosphorus: increase by 60% during last 35 days (puppy rapid skeleton growth)
  • protein: increase 40-70% during late gestation
  • energy: increase 25-50% during gestation depending on size of liter
77
Q

What are the nutritional requirements for a bitch?

A
  • water: 60lb bitch may consume 4-5 liters of water every day (1.5liters during maintenance)
  • calcium/phosphorus: during peak lactation, 2-5 times more calcium will be need depending on litter size
  • slowly reduce food intake after week 4 of lactation
78
Q

What are signs of problems during lactation?

A
  • sudden change in body condition
  • abnormal vaginal discharge
  • hyper salivation
  • seizures
  • muscle contractions or weakness
  • poor maternal care
  • poor weight gain in puppies
  • continuous vocalization by puppies
79
Q

What is the goal in feeding senior dogs?

A

Maintain health and optimal body condition

80
Q

Water intake in senior dog

A

Should be closely monitored since disease and medication may cause dehydration

81
Q

Fat intake in senior dog

A

-slight decrease in fat and calories is beneficial

82
Q

Protein intake in senior dog

A
  • Higher dietary level of protein may compensate for decreased lean muscle mass
  • higher level of high quality protein helps minimize losses in the body (protein reserves, supports tissue repair, immune function)
83
Q

How many meals a day will a domestic cat eat?

A

12-20 every 24 hours at random intervals

84
Q

What are the main factors that help determine a cat’s nutritional requirements?

A
  • stage of life
  • how active is the cat
  • is cat maintaining an ideal body condition
85
Q

What are the nutritional requirements of cats?

A
  • amino acids: -taurine
    • arginine
  • vitamins: vitamin A and Vitamin B
  • protein
  • arachidonic acid
86
Q

What are the life stages of a cat?

A
  • kitten: less than 1 year
  • young adult: 1-7
  • mature adult: 7-11
  • senior: after 11
87
Q

What is the size increase of a kitten in the first 5 months?

A

2000%

88
Q

When are kittens ready to eat solid food?

A
  • 7-9 weeks

- should be fed kitten food until 10 months

89
Q

What are the nutritional requirements for kittens?

A

-energy: require 2X more energy than adults

90
Q

How long is feline gestation?

A

62-65 days

91
Q

How much weight does cat lose when giving birth?

A

40% of weight gained during pregnancy

92
Q

What happens to the weight not lost during birth?

A
  • remaining 60% is stored as maternal body fat

- used as energy resource during lactation

93
Q

How many calories should the queen be taking in when the kittens are born?

A

25-50% more than normal

94
Q

What can cause over eating in the queen?

A
  • hormonal and behavior changes

- can also lead to anorexia

95
Q

When will queens undergo appetite loss?

A

During 3rd week of gestation

96
Q

How do you know the queen is about to give birth?

A
  • Food refusal during the 9th week

- birthing should take place within 24-48 hrs

97
Q

What are the nutritional requirements during gestation and lactation?

A
  • minerals: should contain more calcium and phosphorus
    • magnesium is only other increased
  • vitamins: A and D
98
Q

What is the average life span of a cat?

A

14 years

99
Q

At what age may cats become less active and at more risk of weight gain?

A

7

100
Q

What happens at age 11 in senior cats?

A
  • taste diminishes
  • ability to absorb key nutrients may decline
  • these changes may result in
    • less interest in food
    • weight loss
    • muscle loss
101
Q

What are the signs of aging in cats?

A
  • decrease in coat condition
  • decreased activity level
  • decreased acuity of hearing or eyesight
  • onset of arthritis
  • weight loss
102
Q

Why are older cats predisposed to dehydration?

A
  • aging can impair thirst sensitivity

- impaired renal function

103
Q

What are the lifestyle factors that affect nutritional values of felines?

A
  • activity level
  • environment
  • stress
  • breed
104
Q

What are the signs of a hairball?

A
  • deep,dry coughing with muted sounds coming from nose and throat
  • occasional vomiting
  • weight loss
  • loss of appetite
  • constipation
  • regurgitation of food after eating
105
Q

What are the ways to control hairballs?

A
  • regular brushing
  • fresh drinking water at all times
  • feed diet formulated to control hairball formation
106
Q

What are 2 ways to help a cat lose weight?

A
  • reduce caloric intake

- encourage more exercise

107
Q

What is FLUTD?

A

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

108
Q

What croup of diseases does FLUTD cover?

A
  • feline ureters
  • urinary bladders
  • urethra
109
Q

What are the clinical signs of FLUTD?

A

-Hematuria: bloody urine
-Dysuria: difficult urination
-Stranguria: slow or painful urination
Pollakiuria:abnormally frequent urinaation
-Inappropriate urination (periuria)
-partial or complete urethral blockage

110
Q

What are the most common types of FLUTD?

A
  • idiopathic cystitis
  • urethral obstruction
  • urolithiasis: calculi stones in bladder
111
Q

What is Idiopath cystitis?

A
  • common diagnosis of FLUTD
  • painful, noninfectious, inflammatory bladder condition
  • typically affects cats 2-7
  • Dysuria and Hematuria are most common signs
  • clinical signs resolve in 4-7 days regardless of trement
112
Q

What is Urolithiasis?

A
  • urinary stones
  • most common stone:struvite
  • more likely to form in basic pH urine
  • males are more likely to develop
113
Q

What is Urethral obstruction?

A
  • urethral plugs

- most common in males

114
Q

What are Urethral Plugs?

A

unorganized masses of mucus like protein containing varying amounts of minerals and cell debris

115
Q

What are the predisposing factors of FLUTD?

A

=indoor cats have higher risk

  • 2-7yrs increased risk for urethral plugs
  • 4yrs+: high risk for urolighiasis and feline idiopathic cysitis
  • 4-7yrs: highest risk for struvite uroliths
  • 7-10yrs: highest risk for calcium oxilate

Nutrition (5 decks)

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