Feeding+nutrition

Question 1

List the layers of the intestinal wall, starting with the outside layer.

Answer 1

Serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa, mucosa.

Question 2

What are the 3 classifications of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Monosaccharides=1 sugar, disaccharides=2 sugars, polysaccharides=3 or more sugars.

Question 3

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 3

Amino acids.

Question 4

What type of bond holds amino acids together and what are the names for different numbers of bonds?

Answer 4

Peptide bond. Dipeptides=2 bonds, polypeptides=3 or more bonds.

Question 5

What are fats or lipids made up of and what do they contain that makes them reactive?

Answer 5

Made up of fatty acids and contain a carboxyl group.

Question 6

List the 7 major nutrients.

Answer 6

Protein, fat, fibre, water, minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates.

Question 7

Give one source of carbohydrates.

Answer 7

Rice, potatoes, grass, vegetables, fruit, starch.

Question 8

Give one source of protein.

Answer 8

Meat, eggs, dairy, seeds, nuts, beans, lentils.

Question 9

Give one source of fat.

Answer 9

Fatty meats and fish, cheese, butter, nuts and seeds, avocado, chocolate.

Question 10

Give one source of fibre.

Answer 10

Hay, lentils, chickpeas, beans, wholemeal bread, pasta, potato skins, brown rice.

Question 11

How many major vitamins are there?

Answer 11

13

Question 12

Give one source of minerals.

Answer 12

Most food sources, including meat, fish, vegetables, cereal.

Question 13

Give 4 features of herbivorous dentition.

Answer 13

Sharp incisors, flat molars, jaw moves side to side, hard dental pad, small or no canine teeth.

Question 14

Give 3 features of carnivorous dentition.

Answer 14

Jaw moves up and down, fewer or no molars, defined canines, sharp incisors.

Question 15

What are ancillary organs? Give an example.

Answer 15

Organs which assist with digestion, such as lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands.

Question 16

What are the 3 types of digestive systems?

Answer 16

Monogastric, ruminant, hindgut fermenter.

Question 17

What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine?

Answer 17

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

Question 18

What is the function of the serosa?

Answer 18

Secretes watery fluid for lubrication, protecting the intestine from friction.

Question 19

What are the 2 layers that make up the muscularis and what are their functions?

Answer 19

Circular, prevents food from travelling backwards. Longitudinal, shortens the tract (contraction) to keep food moving.

Question 20

What is the structure and purpose of the sub-mucosa?

Answer 20

Thick, made up of dense connective tissue, contains a variety of glands, separates the mucosa from the smooth muscle layer.

Question 21

What is the function of the mucosa?

Answer 21

Absorption and secretion, surrounds the lumen.

Question 22

Name the 3 main types of enzymes and their functions.

Answer 22

Amylase=cards into sugars, protease=proteins into amino acids, lipase=fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 23

What is the name of the bumps found on the tongue?

Answer 23

Papillae.

Question 24

List the compartments of a ruminants digestive system.

Answer 24

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.

Question 25

What happens to an enzyme if it is denatured?

Answer 25

Changed shape of the active site.

Question 26

What are metabolic pathways?

Answer 26

Chain of reactions of substrates coming into contact with different enzymes and finishing with an end product.

Question 27

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

Answer 27

Catabolic (breaks down, give out energy), anabolic (builds up, use up energy)

Question 28

What does RER stand for, and how is it calculated?

Answer 28

Resting energy requirement, (30 × body weight in kg) + 70kcal/day

Question 29

What does DER stand for, and how is it calculated?

Answer 29

Daily energy requirement, RER × Factor

Question 30

What are the 3 main life stages?

Answer 30

Juvenile, adult, geriatric

Question 31

Hindgut fermenters have microbes which contain which enzymes to break down cellulose?

Answer 31

Cellulase

Question 32

What is cellulose broken down into?

Answer 32

Volatile Fatty Acid (VFAs)

Question 33

Provide the function of the duodenum.

Answer 33

Coats the food in bile to prepare for absorption.

Question 34

Provide the function of the jejunum.

Answer 34

Responsible for most of the absorption of nutrients.

Question 35

Provide the function of the ileum.

Answer 35

Absorbs vitamins, bile salts and nutrients not absorbed by the jejunum.

Question 36

What nutrients are most important for a puppy in the juvenile life stage?

Answer 36

Higher levels of protein, calcium and fat

Question 37

What is gross energy?

Answer 37

The total energy in food

Question 38

What is digestible energy?

Answer 38

The energy lost from the production/release of faeces/urine

Question 39

What is metabolizable energy?

Answer 39

The remaining energy after the production/release of urine. Based on 100g of food

Question 40

What is the resting energy requirement also known as?

Answer 40

Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 41

How many stomach chambers do hindgut fermenters have?

Answer 41

1, they are monogastric but the caecum and colon are responsible for microbial fermentation and digestion

Question 42

What is an enzyme?

Answer 42

A protein which acts as a catalyst to increase the speed of chemical reactions

Question 43

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 43

Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is used as energy. Essential for herbivores

Question 44

Provide some of the functions of protein.

Answer 44

Muscle contraction, collagen production, transporting oxygen, tissue maintenance and growth.

Question 45

Provide some of the functions of fats/lipids.

Answer 45

Source of energy, long term energy store, protecting internal organs, insulation

Question 46

Provide some of the functions of water within the body

Answer 46

Transporting of nutrients, lubricant for tissues and organs, chemical reactions, thermoregulation

Question 47

What is the function of vitamins?

Answer 47

Needed to maintain growth, health and survival in animals

Question 48

Provide some of the functions of minerals within the body.

Answer 48

Blood clotting, immunity, nerve function, stomach acid maintenance, bone and tooth development, muscle contraction, and many others.

Question 49

What is the function of fibre within the body?

Answer 49

Important source of energy, needed by the ecosystem within an animal's gut, regulates bowel movements

Question 50

What are some of the causes of laminitis?

Answer 50

Stress, high carb diet, hormonal diseases, obesity, infection

Question 51

What are some of the signs of laminitis?

Answer 51

Reluctance to turn, change in behaviour, shortened stride/stiffened gait, shifting weight from foot to foot, abnormal heat at the hoof wall, a strong pounding digital pulse

Question 52

How can laminitis be treated?

Answer 52

Pain relief, deep bedding to cushion the foot, box rest, remedial farriery

Question 53

What's the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 53

Type 1-insulin dependant, constant monitoring, genetic predisposition. Type 2-can be resolved by changes to diet, more common in cats, insulin may be required

Question 54

What are some of the symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 54

Weight loss, excessive thirst and urination, lower appetite, pungent breath with a chemical smell