Feedlot and Resp Mgmt - VanderLay

Question 1

what are the 3 components on the disease triad?

Answer 1

host
environment
pathogen

Question 2

what are the 3 levels of disease management?

Answer 2

biosecurity
immune preparation
treatment

Question 3

what are 2 components of biosecurity

Answer 3

bio exculsion

bio containment

Question 4

what is bio exclusion?

Answer 4

keeping pathogens out

…out of farm or out of country

Question 5

what is the purpose of biocontainment?

Answer 5

preventing internal pathogen transmission

Question 6

what are examples of biocontainment practices on a farm?

Answer 6

• avoid commingling
• clean water tanks
• avoid using feeding equipment for manure handling
• pest control - particularly flies

Question 7

what is a critical first step of biocontainment?

Answer 7

immune preparation - passive transfer

Question 8

what is the body’s mucosal antibody?

Answer 8

IgA

Question 9

what aspect of a virus does a killed viral vaccine target?

Answer 9

surface proteins and non structural proteins

Question 10

at what % of changes that occur in a viral particle proteins will the killed vaccine no longer recognize the original virus?

Answer 10

60%

Question 11

why does a modified live vaccine offer wider spread protection?

Answer 11

targets enzymes that are more well preserved across many strains of virus

Question 12

why is a modified live vaccine risky?

Answer 12

it creates a low level infection in the animal so there is risk of disease occurring

may cause abortion in pregnant animal

Question 13

how should you select the most effective treatments?

Answer 13

• based on literature

- fine tune this based on health records

Question 14

what is the importance of health records?

Answer 14

to avoid drug residues for legal reasons
to determine treatment efficacy
to manage disease

Question 15

important aspects to post weaning bovine resp dz management?

Answer 15

assess risk
consider metaphylaxis
test for and remove sick calves

Question 16

considerations when building treatment protocols:

Answer 16

antimicrobials
duration of therapy
cost of therapy
efficacy

Question 17

what is a case definition?

Answer 17

a description of the clinical signs of the sick animals

Question 18

what is the typical time lapse needed to consider a sick animal a “new” case

Answer 18

21 days

Question 19

what is mortality?

Answer 19

of dead cattle / total number of cattle in feedlot

Question 20

what is morbidity?

Answer 20

total number of sick animals (for any reason) / total number of animals in a pen

Question 21

what is CFR?

Answer 21

case fatality rate

total number of animals treated for BRD that died from BRD / total number of animals treated for BRD

Question 22

what % is considered good for CFR?
acceptable?
poor?

Answer 22

5% good
5-10% acceptable
>10% poor - indicates possible problems

Question 23

what is first treatment response?

Answer 23

total # treated - relapses / total number treated

Question 24

if the first treatment response is over 90%, what should be considered?

Answer 24

make sure healthy animals are not being treated

Question 25

if first treatment response is too low, what should be considered?

Answer 25

review case definition, sick animal selection, antimicrobial administration, drug choice

Question 26

for low risk cattle, what is a good first treatment response?

Answer 26

80-85%

Question 27

for high risk cattle, what is a good first treatment response?

Answer 27

over 70%

Question 28

what is chronic rate?

Answer 28

of animals determined to be chronic (treated 3x) / total number of animals treated

Question 29

what is a guideline for chronic rate, relative to mortality rate?

Answer 29

chronic rate should be NO MORE THAN half the mortality rate

Question 30

if the chronic rate is too high, what should be evaluated?

Answer 30

timeliness of identifying sick animals and drug choices

Question 31

what animals are considered missed opportunities?

Answer 31

pen dead: found dead in pen w/ no Tx late 24: died w/in 24 hours of Tx late 48: died w/in 48 hours of Tx

Question 32

what are hot pulls? what should the value be?

Answer 32

% of cattle pulled from pens that exceeds the case definition temperature should be around 70%

Question 33

what does a value of hot pulls that is too low indicate?

Answer 33

over pulling

Question 34

what does a value of hot pulls that is too high indicate?

Answer 34

under pulling - sick cattle staying in the pen and not receiving treatment

Question 35

what is the goal of a feedlot?

Answer 35

feed CHO rich diet to finish cattle w light fat cover and high degree of marbling

Question 36

what is the veterinarian's role in feedlots?

Answer 36

- very minimal role in Dx and Tx of dz in individual animal | - know mgmt, nutrition, environment and economics and their relationships with dz -> use these to consult

Question 37

objectives of feedlot production?

Answer 37

- rapid growth, minimal fat, acceptable slaughter weight - maximize feed conversion - reduce morbidity and mortality - effective use of biologics and antimicrobials - employee motivation - produce wholesome beef - profit

Question 38

what are some production standards measured in feedlot?

Answer 38

- morbidity, mortality, chronics - repeat Tx - cost / Tx - performance

Question 39

what performance parameters are measured on feedlot?

Answer 39

- avg daily gain (ADG) - cost of gain (COG) - feed efficiency (FE) - break evens

Question 40

what risk groups are cattle placed in for morbidity and mortality? is this objective or subjective?

Answer 40

high, medium and low subjective

Question 41

what cattle are high risk?

Answer 41

``` long haul (over 200 miles) sale barn (commmingled calves) naiive (little/no vacc hx or wet calves) light weight (150-450 lbs) ```

Question 42

what cattle are considered medium risk?

Answer 42

calf fed holsteins preconditioned ranch (weaned and vacc at ranch of origin) sale barn yearlings

Question 43

what cattle are low risk?

Answer 43

yearlings from one source

Question 44

what is the guideline for the rest for all cattle in receiving pens?

Answer 44

rest 1 hour for every hour of transport 12-48 hours

Question 45

how are high risk cattle handled?

Answer 45

- vacc, deworming - revacc - metaphlaxis - nutrition and coccidostat

Question 46

how are medium risk cattle handled?

Answer 46

vacc deworm ravacc and mass meds if outbreaks nutrition

Question 47

how are low risk cattle handled?

Answer 47

vacc deworm maybe nutrition

Question 48

how many times per day are cattle fed?

Answer 48

2x per day

Question 49

what is the stocking density of the pens?

Answer 49

about 250 sq ft / head

Question 50

what is the slope of the pens?

Answer 50

1-4%

Question 51

how much water do cattle drink?

Answer 51

about 20 gallons / head / day

Question 52

factors that influence profit/loss

Answer 52

price of purchased cattle cost / unit of body weight gain selling price

Question 53

causes of loss:

Answer 53

nutrition - quality of feed and feeding sys type of cattle - genetics and sex environment management disease incidence - mortality, Tx, dec productivity

Question 54

how is average daily gain calculated?

Answer 54

ADG = lbs gained by group / (# cattle x days on feed)

Question 55

what is the goal for ADG?

Answer 55

2.25 - 4.5 pounds per day

Question 56

how is feed efficiency measured? (feed conversion)

Answer 56

feed efficiency = lbs of feed to group / lbs gained by group

Question 57

what is the goal of feed efficiency?

Answer 57

less than 6