Feeds and Feeding final Flashcards
phosphrus
1/4 or 25% of diet
major functions - bone and teeth formation; high energy phosphate bonds
deficiency symptoms - rickets (young), osetomalacia (adult); reduced egg production
major interrealtionships - excess Ca and Mg causes decreases in absorption; Ca:P ratio should be 1:1 or 2:1; in male ruminants, excess P may cause urinary calculi
magnesium
major functions - enzyme activtor primarily in glycolytic system; bone formation
deficiency symptoms - vasodilation; hyperirritability with convulsions, loss of equilbrium and trembling; tetany
major interrelationships -excess upsets Ca and P metabolism; toxicity not likely
sulfur
energy source
major functions: sulfur-containing amino acids; SH goup function in tissue respiration; component of biotin and thiamine
deficiency symptoms: primarily reduced growth effect due to sulfur amino acid requirements for protien synthesis
major interrelationships: toxicity unlikely
iron
pigs are defficient
major functions: cellular respiration (hemoglobin, cytochromes myglobin)
deficiency symptoms: hypochromic-microcytic anemia (less than normal amount of hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells); anemia may be common in baby pigs unless Fe is supplied
major interrelationships: Ca-P ratio influences absorption; Cu required for proper metabolism; pyridoxine deficiency decreases absorption
zinc
major functions: component or cofactor of several enyzme systems including peptidases and carbonic anhydrase; needed for bone and feather development
deficiency symptoms: poor hair or feather development and slipping of wool; rough and thickened skin or parakeratosis in swine
major interrelationships: high Ca or phytate ties up Zn; excess Zn interferes with Cu metabolism and may cause anemia
manganese
poultry are defficient
major functions: activator of enzyme systems involved in oxidative physphorylation, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism; bone formation (orgainc matrix); growth and reproduction
deficiency symptoms: poor growth; shortened long bones, imparied reproduction (testicular degeneration of males, defective ovulation of females); perosis or slipped tendon in poultry
major interrelationships: excess Ca or P decreases absoption; toxicity unlickly
selenium
could cause death
major functions: component of the enzymen glutathione peroxidase, which reduces peroxides arising from tissue lipid oxidation; thus, protects agaisnt cellular membrane damage by the peroxides; functions are closely related to that of vitamin E
deficiency symptoms: exudative diathesis (chicks); muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease), cattle; stiff lamb disease-sheep; liver necrosis (pigs, rats), retaining placenta
major interrelationships: chronic toxicity yields blind staggers at 10-20 ppm or alkali disease at 5-10 ppm; acute toxicity occurs at 20 ppm and above; sudden death; SO4 protector agaisnt toxicity
cobalt
major functions: component of vitamin b12; needed by rumen bacteria for growth and vitamin B12 synthesis
deficiency symptoms: anemia (varies from normocytic- normochromic to megaloblastic or mavrocytic); deficiency in ruminants causes reduced appetite, reduced growth and body weight and eventually death
major interrelationships:related to vitamin B12; toxicity unlikely
vitamin A
major functions: bone formation; vision; epithelial tissue maintainance; glucose synthesis; growth
deficiency symptoms: night blindness, hyperkeratosis; skeletal lesions and bone remodeling; poor growth; reproductive failures; reduced egg production and hatchability
comments: hypervitaminosis may cause hyperostosis or hyperkeratosis; most of the same symptoms that occur with deficiency; both carotene and vitamin A readily destroyed by oxidation
vitamin D
major functions: bone formation (Ca absorption, P absorption ffrom renal tubules; osteoblast formation and calcification); CHO metabolism; growth
deficiency symptoms: rickets (growing period); osteromalcia (adults); soft egg shells and reduced egg production and hatchability
comments: hypervitaminosis may cause decalicification of skeletal and calification of soft tissue; most mammals can use either D2 or D3, but poultry require D3
Vitamin E
major functions: antioxidant muscle structure (muscle dystrophy); reproduction
deficiency symptoms: muscle dystrophy; encephalomalacia; exudative diathesis; reproductive failures; steatitis
comments: relatively nontoxic; utilization dependent on adequate Se
Vitamin K
If you increase K you need to increase E
major functions: prothrobin formation and blood clothing
deficiency symptoms: spontaneous hermorrhages and increased blood clotting time with lowered prothrombin levels
comments: relatively nontoxic; antagonists of K include dicoumarol and warfarin
pantothenic acid
major functions: coenzyme A; acyl transfer
deficiency symptoms: dermatits, loss of hair and greying of hair; spastic gait, goose stepping or posterior incoordination and paralysis; enteritis; poor growth and reproduction
comments: relatively nontoxic; low content in cereal grains; commonly deficient for swine or poultry
dry forages
<18 % crude fiber
straws
legumes
hays
fresh forage
cut, not cut or feed fresh
wheatgrass
green chop
