Female

Question 1

What is the function of suspensory ligaments?

Answer 1

Hold ovaries to lateral pelvic wall

carry vasculature

Question 2

What is th function of the ovaries

Answer 2

produce gametes - oocyte

produce hormones - oestradiol and progesterone

Question 3

Why might ovariea appear scarred and pitted?

Answer 3

Due to ovulation once amonth

Question 4

What epithelium lines the ovary?

Answer 4

Simple cuboidal/squamous

Question 5

Describe the structured layers of the ovary

Answer 5

Germinal Epithelium
Tunica Albuginea
Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla

Question 6

Where in the ovary would you find follicles?

Answer 6

Ovarian cortex

Question 7

What is the difference between follicular cells and granulosa cells?

Answer 7

Follicular cells - single layer of follicle cells

Granulosa cells - multiple layers of follicle cells

Question 8

Describe the appearance of a graafian follicle

Answer 8

This is a matire follicle and is large with a fluid-filled antrum. Ready to rupture and expel secondary oocyte

Question 9

What happens to the graafian follicle after ovulation?

Answer 9

Turns into corpus luteum - produces progesterone, oestrogen and inhibin until it degeneates into fibrous scar tissue known as the corpus albicans

Question 10

What are the two peritoneal puches in a female?

Answer 10

Rectouterine pouch of Douglas - between uterus and uterine

Uterovesical pouch - between uterus and bladder

Question 11

Where in the uterine tubes does fertilisation occur?

Answer 11

ampulla

Question 12

What feature of the uterine tube may lead to increased risk of peritoneal cavity infection

Answer 12

Not conected to ovary so diret route from vagina to peritoneum

Question 13

How long are the uterin tubes?

Answer 13

13cm

Question 14

What epithelium lines the uterine tubes?

Answer 14

Ciliated columnar

Question 15

From where does the uterine artery originate?

Answer 15

Internal iliac artery

Question 16

Describe the structure of the uterine wall

Answer 16

• Perimetrium - coovers bladder and rectum and laterally becomes broad ligament
• Myometrium - muscular layer (long-circular-long)
• Endometrium - highly vascularised
• Stratum Basalis
• Stratum functionalis - lines uterine cavity and sheds durign menstruation

Question 17

What epithelium lines the vagina?

Answer 17

non-keratinised stratified epithelium

Question 18

How are steroid hormones produced? Where?

Answer 18

Enzymatic modification of cholesterol mainly in SER and mitochondria

Question 19

What are the different forms of oestrogen, where are they produced and what is their function?

Answer 19

• Oestrone - secreted directly from ovary or converted from androstenedione
• Oestradiol - directly synthesised in developign follicle or converted from oestradione

Development of female secondary sex characteristics

Question 20

Where in females are androgens produced?

Answer 20

Ovary produces androstenediol, DHEA and small amount of testosterone but the adrenal glands are them main location of female androgens

Question 21

Where are progetogens produced?

Answer 21

Corpus luteum
adrenal glands
placenta during pregnancy

From cholecterol via pregnenolone

Question 22

What is the function of progestogens?

Answer 22

Develop endometrium
Develop mammary glands
Maintain pregnancy through placenta development

Question 23

Explain the HPO axis

Answer 23

GnRH from hypothalamus causes release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. These cause the ovary to produce oestrogen and progesterone which have a negative feedback input on anterior pituitary, along with inhibin

Question 24

What is the function of FSH?

Answer 24

Initiates follicle recruitment

Supports growth, especially of granulosa cells

Question 25

What is the function of LH

Answer 25

Supports Theca cells Surge causes ovulation

Question 26

Describe the Follicular changes within the ovarian cycle

Answer 26

DAYS 1-14: This is the pre-ovulatory phase where there is growth of the dominant follicle. The primordial follicle develops into a primary follicle whilst th epre-granulosa cells develop into granulosa cells and surround the oocyte. Stromal cells are recruited which develop into theca cells and surround the follicle. As the theca develops, the folicle is given an independent blood supply whilst the granulosa cells develops FSH, oestrogen and androgen receptors. The recruited follicles increase oestradiol production, increasing FSH and LH production but inhibiting release, allowing exponential increase in oestrogens. DAY 14: High oestradiol levels trigger LH secretion which due to build up results in the LH surge, stimulating breakdown of follicle wall - ovulation DAYS 14-28: This is the post-ovulatory phase where the corpus luteum develops, secretign progesterone. If implantation occurs, the corpus luteum remains as supported by HCG. But if no implantation, it degrades away, reducing prgesterone levels - cause endometrial lining to shed due to leukocyte infiltration causing restriction and breakdown of spiral arteries

Question 27

Draw and explain 'the menstrual cycle graph'

Answer 27

-

Question 28

When does oogenesis begin

Answer 28

before females are born

Question 29

Describe the process of oogenesis

Answer 29

1. Primordial germ cells undergo mitosis prenatally, producign primary oocyte after an intermediate stage of oogonia 2. The primary oocyte undergoes its first meiotic division, arresting in prophase, staying here until first menstrual cycle. They are located within primordial follicles 3. The primordial follicles develop into primary follicles, with the primary oocytes surrounded by granulosa cells. As this develops, zona pellucida forms 4. At puberty, first meiotic division continues, producing a diploid secondary oocyte and the first polar body (dies due to decreased cytoplasm). This enters meiosis II and stops in metaphase 5. Upon fertilisation, meiosis II is completed, producing an ovum and a second polar body

Question 30

What is the function of polar body production in oogenesis?

Answer 30

They cant survive due to insufficient cytoplasm but allow for half replicated DNA to arrest

Question 31

What is polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?

Answer 31

Due to LH and FSH being out of balance as a result of hormone excess, there is no negative feedback, resulting in continuous oestrogen and androgen production. This causes infertlity, amenorrhea, weight gain, hirsutism and acne

Question 32

What syndromes are caused from hormone deficiency?

Answer 32

``` Hypogonadism Turners Klinefelters Kallmans (GnRH deficiency) Hypopituitarism ```

Question 33

How does the contraceptive pill work?

Answer 33

Oestrogen and Progesteroen selectively inhibit pituitary function by prevent LH production, and therefore inhibiting ovulation